Study of heart rate recovery and cardiovascular autonomic modulation in healthy participants after submaximal exercise

Abstract

Heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) provide important information on cardiovascular autonomic control. However, little is known about the reorganization of HRV, BPV, and BRS after aerobic exercise. While there is a positive relationship between heart rate (HR) recovery rate and cardiorespiratory fitness, it is unclear whether there is a relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and reorganization of cardiovascular autonomic modulation during recovery. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether cardiorespiratory fitness influences the cardiovascular autonomic modulation recovery, after a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Sixty men were assigned into groups according to their cardiorespiratory fitness: low cardiorespiratory fitness (LCF = VO2: 22–38 mL kg−1 min−1), moderate (MCF = VO2: 38–48 mL kg−1 min−1), and high (HCF = VO2 > 48 mL kg−1 min−1). HRV (linear and non-linear analysis) and BPV (spectral analysis), and BRS (sequence method) were performed before and after a cardiopulmonary exercise test. The groups with higher cardiorespiratory fitness had lower baseline HR values and HR recovery time after the cardiopulmonary exercise test. On comparing rest and recovery periods, the spectral analysis of HRV showed a decrease in low-frequency (LF) oscillations in absolute units and high frequency (HF) in absolute and normalized units. It also showed increases in LF oscillations of blood pressure. Nonlinear analysis showed a reduction in approximate entropy (ApEn) and in Poincare Plot parameters (SD1 and SD2), accompanied by increases in detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) parameters α1 and α2. However, we did not find differences in cardiovascular autonomic modulation parameters and BRS in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness neither before nor after the cardiopulmonary test. We concluded that cardiorespiratory fitness does not affect cardiovascular autonomic modulations after cardiopulmonary exercise test, unlike HR recovery.

The Determination of Step Frequency in 3-min Incremental Step-in-Place Tests for Predicting Maximal Oxygen Uptake from Heart Rate Response in Taiwanese Adults

“…The heart rate changes (HR0 and ΔHR3−HR4) during the 3MISP 30s and 3MISP 60s tests were all significantly correlated with the actual measured VO 2max ( Figure 3 B,C). This is consistent with the results of other studies using the step-test scheme to predict VO 2max and suggests that the CRF test, the subject’s basal heart rate, recovery heart rate, and heart rate during exercise are all negatively correlated with measured VO 2max [ 21 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 40 ]. Obviously, the change of heart rate during the 3MISP 30s and 3MISP 60s tests is one of the important factors for estimating VO 2max .…”

Application Effect of Doctor-Nurse-Patient Integration Model Based on Heart Rate Management Strategies in Middle-Aged and Young Outpatients with Hypertension

“…It is well-established that increased RHR is an independent risk factor for hypertension and metabolic disturbances [ 12 ]. Higher RHR is associated with increased all-cause mortality and CVEs [ 13 ]. Reportedly, there are 245 million people living with hypertension, and the proportion of young and middle-aged patients with hypertension is as high as 67.5% [ 14 ].…”

Development and Validation of 3 Min Incremental Step-In-Place Test for Predicting Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Home Settings: A Submaximal Exercise Study to Assess Cardiorespiratory Fitness

“…In a standard CRF test, the HR of a non-athlete is normally close to the age-predicted maximum HR [33]. An individual with a higher CRF level has a lower baseline HR and shorter HR recovery time following a cardiopulmonary exercise test [34]. Since there is a linear relationship between HR variations before, during, and after exercise and .…”