Study of ethion and lipopolysaccharide interaction on lung in a mouse model

Abstract

Ethion is an organophosphate used commonly in India despite being banned in many other countries. The present study was designed to study the interaction of ethion and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) together on lung after single low dose ethion exposure. Mice (n = 20) were alienated into control and treatment groups (n = 10 each). The treatment group was orally fed ethion (8 mg/kg/animal/day) dissolved in corn oil. The animals (n = 5 each) from both the groups were challenged with 80 μg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intranasally and the remaining animals (n = 5 each) were administered normal saline solution after 24 h. Ethion along with LPS induced lung inflammation as indicated by increased neutrophils and total leukocyte count (TLC) in broncheoalveolar lavage fluid. Ethion induced histomorphological alterations in lung as shown by increased pulmonary inflammation score in histopathology. Real time PCR analysis showed that ethion followed by LPS resulted significant (p < 0.05) increase in pulmonary Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 (48.53 fold), interleukin (IL)-1β (7.05 fold) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (5.74 fold) mRNA expression. LPS co-exposure suggested synergistic effect on TLR4 and TNF-α mRNA expression. Ethion alone or in combination with LPS resulted genotoxicity in blood cells as detected by comet assay. The data suggested single dietary ethion exposure alone or in conjunction with LPS causes lung inflammation and genotoxicity in blood cells.

Protective Potential of Vitamin C and E against Organophosphate Toxicity: Current Status and Perspective

“…Monoamine oxidase, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels are targeted during co-exposure to dichlorvos and monocrotophos 51 . Ethion and Fenitrothion are pulmonotoxic in nature as they induce OS and histomorphological alterations in lung as evidenced by increased pulmonary inflammation and small as well as discrete foci in mouse and rat models 52,53 . Subacute diazinon exposure in aged male rats is associated with decreased RBC, Hb, and Htc levels 54 .…”

Immunomodulatory approaches in managing lung inflammation in COVID‐19: A double‐edge sword

“…One such is the Toll‐Like Receptor (TLR) activation leading to a cytokine storm which is characterized by an overproduction of inflammatory factors and cytokines 13–16 . TLRs play a central role in host responses to microbial molecules in lung and various other organs 17–20 . This hyper‐inflammation imposes significant burden and even inhibit the patient's body to generate adequate number of antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 21 .…”

“… 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 TLRs play a central role in host responses to microbial molecules in lung and various other organs. 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 This hyper‐inflammation imposes significant burden and even inhibit the patient's body to generate adequate number of antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2. 21 This cytokine storm is the reason underlying viral sepsis and lung inflammation induced injury, pneumonitis, ARDS, respiratory failure, shock, organ failure, and death.…”