“…Based on the Maxwell relationship, (∂ P /∂ T ) E = (∂ S /∂ E ) T , thermal variables and electrical parameters were linked. Nowadays, the indirect method of calculating Δ T of ECE is widely used in many piezoelectric materials, such as PZT, , PMN-PT, , BT, ,, and (K 1– x Na x )NbO 3 (KNN). , Δ T can be calculated using where P , ρ, and C P are the polarization vectors, density, and specific heat capacity, respectively.…”