The effect of temperature and degree of deformation upon severe plastic deformation by torsion under a high pressure on the structure, phase composition, and microhardness of the industrial zirconium Zr-1% Nb alloy (E110) has been studied. The high pressure torsion (HPT) (with N = 10 revolutions) of the Zr-1% Nb alloy at room temperature results in the formation of grain-subgrain nanosize structure with an average size of structural elements of 65 nm, increase in the microhardness by 2.3-2.8 times (to 358 MPa), and α Zr → β Zr and α Zr → ω Zr phase transformations. The increase in the HPT temperature to 200°C does not lead to a decrease in the microhardness of alloy owing to the increase in the fraction of ω Zr phase, though the average size of structural elements increases to 125 nm. The increase in the temperature to 400°C during HPT with N = 10 revolutions leads to the grain growth in the α Zr grain structure (~90%) to 160 nm and a decrease in the microhardness to 253-276 HV.