Study of Cerebral Function with Positron Computed Tomography

Phelps, Michael E.; Mazziotta, John C.; Huang, Sung‐Cheng

doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1982.14

Cited by 365 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Therefore, the use of FDG as a positive indicator was restricted in the first studies and in the search for hot spots, many studies involved physiological stimulation tests (closed/open eyes, auditory system, etc.) in normal subjects [5,6]. Similarly, major interest in pathological analysis was directed to the evaluation of brain tumours, starting from Warburg's hypothesis of higher FDG uptake in malignant lesions with respect to benign ones [7].…”

Section: Baruch Spinozamentioning

confidence: 99%

The new FDG brain revolution: the neurovascular unit and the default network

Sestini¹,

Castagnoli²,

Mansi³

2009

Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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"Our aim is, more than see new things, to see with new eyes what has already been seen" Baruch SpinozaThe first FDG brain revolutionThe first revolution was explosive. Using 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), it was possible to see and study the living brain in humans! Pioneers were top experts who provided different specialized expertise, but strictly cooperating between themselves [1]. Physicists, engineers and mathematicians were actively involved in producing the best hardware and software. The research on crystals, in identifying the most effective electronics, in defining accurate methods for attenuation and scatter correction and so on, was nevertheless limited by the relatively poor technology, with the main consideration being limited computer power. These developments stimulated a major interest in the brain. Satisfactory sensitivity and resolution, together with reliable solutions to the technical problems, were only achieved with dedicated cerebral PET scanners which had a field of view that permitted exclusive analysis of the brain.Basic scientists had the possibility of realizing a scientific dream: the transfer of data on cerebral glucose metabolism acquired in animals by quantitative autoradiography to humans. Another issue in the original FDG PET research was to consider mandatory absolute quantification. Thus arterial (or arterialized) sampling, to obtain data to be included in mathematical models, was routinely performed. However, because the equations included nonmeasurable parameters, the presence of a lumped constant affected absolute measurement in an individual [2][3][4]. PET teams included (and were directed by) clinical experts including not only nuclear physicians, but also other professionals such as neuroradiologists, neurologists and psychiatrists, who frequently cooperated with psychologists, anatomists and physiologists.Because of the unsatisfactory spatial resolution and the negative influence of the partial volume effect, in presence of glucose uptake in the normal brain, only a low lesion/background ratio was achievable, except for hot spots, i.e. the presence of focal areas of increased uptake determined by physiological and/or pathological causes. Therefore, the use of FDG as a positive indicator was restricted in the first studies and in the search for hot spots, many studies involved physiological stimulation tests (closed/open eyes, auditory system, etc.) in normal subjects [5,6]. Similarly, major interest in pathological analysis was directed to the evaluation of brain tumours, starting from Warburg's hypothesis of higher FDG uptake in malignant lesions with respect to benign ones [7]. With further clinical experience, in the analysis of patients with epilepsy, a higher sensitivity was clearly demonstrated during the ictal phase, the focus being seen as a hot spot, with respect to the interictal period when the lesion was not easily detectable, being an area with a slightly reduced overall FDG uptake [8,9]. Discrepant results in epilepsy clearly demonstrate how, in the absenc...

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Section: Baruch Spinozamentioning

confidence: 99%

The new FDG brain revolution: the neurovascular unit and the default network

Sestini¹,

Castagnoli²,

Mansi³

2009

Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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“…Although the recent development of positron emission tomography has offered the potential for investigating glucose metabolism of the human brain Phelps et al, 1982), few studies have been made early following a stroke (Kuhl et al, 1980;Lenzi et al, 1982;Wise et al, 1983;Baron et al, 1984;Kushner et al, 1987). These findings provided some information about Abbreviations used: 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose; LC, lumped con stant; LCMRgl c, local CMRglc; MCA, middle cerebral artery.…”

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Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Chronic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Cat

Komatsumoto

Greenberg²,

Hickey

et al. 1989

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary: This study examines the correlation between local CMRglc (LCMRglc) alterations and clinicopatholog ical changes in a chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model in the cat. The left MCA was occluded for a period of 2 h. The animals were grouped into mild, moderate, and severe ischemia based on the depression of the EEG 30 min after the MCA occlusion. Follow ing release of the clip, the animals were allowed to re cover for a week during which time daily neurological examinations were performed. On the seventh day P4C]2-deoxyglucose was injected for the determination of LCMRglc• Alternative blocks were processed for histo logical evaluation in which both neuronal and phagocytic changes were graded into four categories (0 = normal to 3 = severe). LCMRglc (J.LmollIOO glmin) in the ischemic hemisphere (all histological grades) was significantly lower than the metabolic rate in comparable regions of the sham MCA occlusion group. Regions with significant phagocytosis (grade 2 and 3) invariably exhibited acti vated glucose metabolism (57.4 ± 8.4 and 105.9 ± 6.8 J.Lmol/lOO glmin, respectively), which was significantlyThe recovery process of brain tissue after an isch emic insult may be closely related to its metabolic state. Although the recent development of positron emission tomography has offered the potential for investigating glucose metabolism of the human brain Phelps et al., 1982), few studies have been made early following a stroke (Kuhl et al., 1980;Lenzi et al., 1982;Wise et al., 1983;Baron et al., 1984;Kushner et al., 1987). These findings provided some information about Abbreviations used: 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose; LC, lumped con stant; LCMRgl c, local CMRglc; MCA, middle cerebral artery. 535higher than in regions without phagocytosis (30.4 ± 0.8 J.LmolllOO g/min). There was a significant gradient of me tabolism in the central, peripheral, and boundary zone and the non-MCA territory in the animals with severe ischemic lesions. LCMRglc in the central MCA territory was well correlated with the EEG amplitude changes (r = 0.82, p < 0.05) and the morphological score (r = -0.89, p < 0.05). The metabolic rate was significantly depressed in both the ipsilateral and the contralateral central MCA territories in comparison with the sham occlusion ani mals. The depression in LCMRglc in the contralateral hemisphere correlated well with the concomitant depres sion in the contralateral EEG amplitude. These studies demonstrate that local heterogeneous metabolic alter ations and contralateral cortical diaschisis exist chroni cally following temporary MCA occlusion and that the increases in local cerebral glucose metabolism seen in chronic stroke may be due to phagocytotic activity.

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“…Positron emission tomography (PET) is the admitted reference for in vivo CBV and CBF measurements because it is quantitative and relatively noninvasive (Huang et al, 1983;Phelps et al, 1982;Ter Pogossian and Herscovitch, 1985), whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising alternative for in vivo brain perfusion studies. A wide range of such methods has recently been reviewed by Barbier et al (2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Absolute Cerebral Blood Volume and Blood Flow Measurements Based on Synchrotron Radiation Quantitative Computed Tomography

Adam

Elleaume

Duc

et al. 2003

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary: Synchrotron radiation computed tomography opens new fields by using monochromatic x-ray beams. This technique allows one to measure in vivo absolute contrast-agent concentrations with high accuracy and precision, and absolute cerebral blood volume or flow can be derived from these measurements using tracer kinetic methods. The authors injected an intravenous bolus of an iodinated contrast agent in healthy rats, and acquired computed tomography images to follow the temporal evolution of the contrast material in the blood circulation. The first image acquired before iodine infusion was subtracted from the others to obtain computed tomography slices expressed in absolute iodine concentrations. Cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow maps were obtained after correction for partial volume effects. Mean cerebral blood volume and flow values (n ‫ס‬ 7) were 2.1 ± 0.38 mL/100 g and 129 ± 18 mL · 100 g −1 · min −1 in the parietal cortex; and 1.92 ± 0.32 mL/100 g and 125 ± 17 mL · 100 g −1 · min −1 in the caudate putamen, respectively. Synchrotron radiation computed tomography has the potential to assess these two brainperfusion parameters.

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Study of Cerebral Function with Positron Computed Tomography

Cited by 365 publications

References 125 publications

The new FDG brain revolution: the neurovascular unit and the default network

The new FDG brain revolution: the neurovascular unit and the default network

Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Chronic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Cat

Absolute Cerebral Blood Volume and Blood Flow Measurements Based on Synchrotron Radiation Quantitative Computed Tomography

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