Study of Bottom Substrate Variation in Zero Water Discharge Aquaculture for Mahseer Fish <i>Tor soro</i> Nursery

Abstract

Mahseer fish Tor soro was classified as one of Indonesia's endemic species distributed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Java islands [1]. Currently, among the 18 assessed Mahseer fish species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 50% are classified as threatened to critically endangered. However, the T. soro and T. douronensis species, originating from Indonesia are not included in the IUCN Red List [2]. The Mahseer fish population is declining primarily due to the ongoing dependence on wild captures to fulfill consumer demands. Moreover, anthropogenic activities on deforestation, land conversion, and pollution of river or lake can disrupt crucial habitat conditions and environmental quality for Mahseer fish [1]. Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of cultivation activities