Study of analgesic effect of earthworm extract

Luo, Wei; Deng, Zhenhan; Li, Rui; Cheng, Guo; Kotian, Ronak Naveenchandra; Li, Yusheng

doi:10.1042/bsr20171554

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Micro-dilution method was utilized to examine MICs using fresh bacterial broth culture following method designed by Augustine et al [ 21 ]. Two-fold serial dilutions of PCF were produced to obtain final dilution concentrations range between 0.781 to 400 µg/mL.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in Burma, China, and India, earthworms are widely used for curing certain illnesses such as pyorrhea, postpartum weaknesses, arthritis, inflammation, wound healing, gastric ulcer, hepatoprotective, carcinoma, antipyretic, and nervous system disorders [ 12 ]. Earthworms’ tissue extracts, coelomic fluid, and body paste possess various agents (i.e., proteins) that have been well-documented as antiulcer [ 13 ], antiviral [ 14 ], anti-coagulant [ 15 ], antifungal [ 16 ], antibacterial [ 13 ], anti-inflammatory [ 17 ], antitumor [ 18 ], antipyretic [ 19 ], analgesic agents [ 20 ], and cytotoxic [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibiofilm Potential of Coelomic Fluid and Paste of Earthworm Pheretima posthuma (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against Pathogenic Bacteria

et al. 2023

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Antibiotic drug resistance is a global public health issue that demands new and novel therapeutic molecules. To develop new agents, animal secretions or products are used as an alternative agent to overcome this problem. In this study, earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) coelomic fluid (PCF), and body paste (PBP) were used to analyze their effects as antibiofilm agents against four bacterial isolates MH1 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa MT448672), MH2 (Escherichia coli MT448673), MH3 (Staphylococcus aureus MT448675), and MH4 (Klebsiella pneumoniae MT448676). Coelomic fluid extraction and body paste formation were followed by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), biofilm formation time kinetics, and an antibiofilm assay, using heat and cold shock, sunlight exposure auto-digestion, and test tube methods. The results showed that the MIC values of PCF and PBP against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli bacterial isolates ranged from 50 to 100 μg/mL, while, the results related to biofilm formation for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae strains were observed to be highly significantly increased (p < 0.005) after 72 h. E. coli produced a significant (p < 0.004) amount of biofilm after 48 h. Following time kinetics, the antibiofilm activity of PCF and PBP was tested at different concentrations (i.e., 25–200 μg/mL) against the aforementioned four strains (MH1–MH4). The findings of this study revealed that both PBP (5.61 ± 1.0%) and PCF (5.23 ± 1.5%) at the lowest concentration (25 μg/mL) showed non-significant (p > 0.05) antibiofilm activity against all the selected strains (MH1-MH4). At 50 μg/mL concentration, both PCF and PBP showed significant (p < 0.05) biofilm inhibition (<40%) for all isolates. Further, the biofilm inhibitory potential was also found to be more significant (p < 0.01) at 100 μg/mL of PCF and PBP, while it showed highly significant (p < 0.001) biofilm inhibition at 150 and 200 μg/mL concentrations. Moreover, more than 90% biofilm inhibition was observed at 200 μg/mL of PCF, while in the case of the PBP, <96% biofilm reduction (i.e., 100%) was also observed by all selected strains at 200 μg/mL. In conclusion, earthworm body fluid and paste have biologically active components that inhibit biofilm formation by various pathogenic bacterial strains. For future investigations, there is a need for further study to explore the potential bioactive components and investigate in depth their molecular mechanisms from a pharmaceutical perspective for effective clinical utilization.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiofilm Potential of Coelomic Fluid and Paste of Earthworm Pheretima posthuma (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against Pathogenic Bacteria

et al. 2023

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“…The procedure of EE preparation was the same as our previous study (18,19). First of all, earthworm (Diehei II) and PBS (0.02 m, pH ≤7.2) homogenates were centrifuged (5,000 ×g, 4 ℃, 10 min).…”

Section: Preparation Of Eementioning

confidence: 99%

The therapeutic effects of earthworm extract on deep second-degree burn wound healing

He¹,

Xie²,

Cheng³

et al. 2021

Ann Palliat Med

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Background: To investigated the effect of earthworm extract (EE) on deep second-degree burn wound healing process.Methods: A burn wound model was created on the mice's skin and was subject to different treatments: the control group received no treatment; the Jingwanhong (JWH: a well-established, widely used external ointment for treating burn wounds) group was treated with 0.1 g of JWH cream and spray it on the wound surface; the EE group was treated with 0.1 mL of EE solution. All the mice were sacrificed at 3, 7, 11, and 15 days after injury (n=6/group/time point). Macroscopic observation, wound healing rate (WHR), wound healing time (WHT), water content (WC), hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, histological, and hematological analyses were performed at the burn wound sites.Results: Better, faster burn wound healing in the JWH and EE groups than the control group at 15 days after injury were detected at the wound sites. Compared to the control group, the EE group had higher WHR, shorter WHT, lower WC, higher Hyp content, more fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and capillary endothelial cells; in addition, they showed greater capillary endothelial cell grouping at the wound sites during the healing process. This group also showed more platelets, white blood cells (WBCs), and neutrophilic granulocytes in serum at the early stages after burn injury.Conclusions: EE could effectively promote skin wound healing by decreasing edema, suppressing fibrosis, activating angiogenesis and epithelial regeneration, inhibiting scar formation, and reducing the risk of infection. Thus, it could be made into a promising healing agent for burn wound.

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Pharmacological effects of bioactive agents in earthworm extract: A comprehensive review

Zhu,

Deng,

Xie

et al. 2024

Anim Models and Exp Med

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This review compiles information from the literature on the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and molecular mechanisms of earthworm extract (EE) and suggests possibilities for clinical translation of EE. We also consider future trends and concerns in this domain. We summarize the bioactive components of EE, including G‐90, lysenin, lumbrokinase, antimicrobial peptides, earthworm serine protease (ESP), and polyphenols, and detail the antitumor, antithrombotic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, wound‐healing, antifibrotic, and hypoglycemic activities and mechanisms of action of EE based on existing in vitro and in vivo studies. We further propose the potential of EE for clinical translation in anticancer and lipid‐modifying therapies, and its promise as source of a novel agent for wound healing and resistance to antibiotic tolerance. The earthworm enzyme lumbrokinase embodies highly effective anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties and has the advantage of not causing bleeding phenomena due to hyperfibrinolysis. Its antifibrotic properties can reduce the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. The glycolipoprotein extract G‐90 can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen groups and protect cellular tissues from oxidative damage. Earthworms have evolved a well‐developed defense mechanism to fight against microbial infections, and the bioactive agents in EE have shown good antibacterial, fungal, and viral properties in in vitro and in vivo experiments and can alleviate inflammatory responses caused by infections, effectively reducing pain. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of EE in lowering blood glucose. EE shows high medicinal value and is expected to be a source of many bioactive compounds.

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Study of analgesic effect of earthworm extract

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

Antibiofilm Potential of Coelomic Fluid and Paste of Earthworm Pheretima posthuma (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against Pathogenic Bacteria

Antibiofilm Potential of Coelomic Fluid and Paste of Earthworm Pheretima posthuma (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against Pathogenic Bacteria

The therapeutic effects of earthworm extract on deep second-degree burn wound healing

Pharmacological effects of bioactive agents in earthworm extract: A comprehensive review

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