Study of a Superconducting Magnetic Diverter for the ATHENA X-Ray Space Telescope

Riva, Nicolò; Calvelli, V.; Musenich, R.; Farinon, S.; Lotti, Simone; Saracco, P.

doi:10.1109/tasc.2018.2811862

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…The variables of this optimisation are coil size, distance from the field, and magnetomotive force. Accordingly, the mass of the coil with MgB 2 wires and ancillaries was 114 kg, while the mass of winding with REBCO and its ancillaries was 76 kg [232]. However, the mass of ancillaries had not gone through the optimisation and maybe it could also be reduced.…”

Section: Ai Techniques For Magnetic Levitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial intelligence methods for applied superconductivity: material, design, manufacturing, testing, operation, and condition monitoring

Yazdani-Asrami

Sadeghi

Song

et al. 2022

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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More than a century after the discovery of superconductors (SCs), numerous studies have been accomplished to take the advantage of SCs in physics, power engineering, quantum computing, electronics, communications, aviation, health care, and defence-related applications. However, there are still challenges that hinder the full-scale commercialization of SCs, such as the high cost of superconducting wires/tapes, technical issues related to AC losses, the structure of superconducting devices, the complexity and high cost of the cooling systems, the critical temperature, and manufacturing related issues. In the current century, massive advancements have been achieved on artificial intelligence (AI) techniques by offering disruptive solutions to handle engineering problems. Consequently, AI techniques can be implemented to tackle those challenges facing superconductivity and act as a shortcut towards full commercialization of SCs and their applications. AI approaches are capable of providing fast, efficient, and accurate solutions for the technical, manufacturing, and economic problems with a high level of complexity and nonlinearity in the field of superconductivity. In this paper, concept of AI and the widely used algorithms are first given. Then a critical topical review is presented for those conducted studies that used AI methods for improvement, design, condition monitoring, fault detection and location of superconducting apparatuses in large scale power applications, as well as the prediction of critical temperature and the structure of new SCs, and any other related applications. The topical review are presented in three main categories, AI for large-scale superconducting applications, AI for superconducting materials, and AI for physics of superconductors. In addition, the challenges to apply AI techniques to the superconductivity and its applications are given. Eventually, future trends on how to integrate AI techniques with superconductivity towards the commercialization are discussed.

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Section: Ai Techniques For Magnetic Levitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial intelligence methods for applied superconductivity: material, design, manufacturing, testing, operation, and condition monitoring

Yazdani-Asrami

Sadeghi

Song

et al. 2022

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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“…Riva et al 28 . stated that the maximum magnetic field budget across the ATHENA WFI is 1 mT in strength.…”

Section: Full Cosmic Ray Proton Spectrum Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This indicates that the dual solenoid magnetic field is likely to be an effective active magnetic shielding design for shielding a detector from all knock-on electrons. However, more work will need to be done to test the magnetic hardness of various detector types just to ensure that the applied magnetic field would not affect detector functioning (∼11 mT for the example investigated here - the example case of an ATHENA WFI-like detector has a limit of 1 mT 28 ) and to investigate the engineering aspects of the design. Despite the engineering considerations, the prize for successfully developing such a system would be high, as the shielding could remove almost the entirety of secondary/knock-on electron-induced x-ray-like background from images, and at least the theoretical system is not complex in principle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a dual solenoid magnetic shield at reducing x-ray-like background in silicon-based x-ray detectors

Davis

Hall

2023

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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.Magnetic shielding has been used during past and current x-ray astronomy missions to shield detectors from electrons entering through telescope optics, and soft proton diverters have also been planned for future missions. However, simulations performed throughout the past decade have discovered that a significant proportion of x-ray-like background originates from secondary electrons produced in spacecraft shielding surrounding x-ray detectors, which hit detectors isotropically from all directions. Here, the results from Geant4 simulations of a simple dual solenoid magnetic field surrounding a 450 μm thick detector with several on-chip layers based on the structure of preliminary designs for the ATHENA Wide Field Imager are presented. We found that for a magnetic field strength at the middle between the two coils of equal to or greater than ∼12 mT, a dual solenoid magnetic field is extremely effective at preventing secondary electrons depositing between 2 and 7 keV and induced by galactic cosmic protons from reaching the detector. While the exact level of background reduction would depend on specific spacecraft and detector design, this magnetic shielding method could remove almost all background associated with backscattering and absorbed electrons, which are expected to account for approximately two thirds of the expected off-axis background in silicon-based x-ray detectors of several hundred microns in thickness and would likely be even more effective for thinner detectors where x-ray-like background is even more dominated by electrons. The magnetic field structure necessary for doing this could be produced using a set of solenoids or neodymium magnets providing that power requirements can be sufficiently optimized or neodymium fluorescence lines can be sufficiently attenuated, respectively. Testing would also have to be done to ensure that detectors it is used on are sufficiently magnetically hard; for context, the current limit for magnetic field strength around the ATHENA Wide Field Imager is 1 mT although CCD97s, another type of space-based x-ray detector, are magnetically hard at least above 6.4 mT.

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“…These techniques can be split into active solutions, such as magnetic diverters and plasma shields or passive solutions utilizing bulk shielding. [1][2][3] For these strategies, solutions are carefully chosen to reduce weight and minimize other issues, such as material outgassing. A common shielding method for x-ray devices is to use multiple layers of materials with different atomic numbers laminated together.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strategies to reduce the background are centered around shielding techniques. These techniques can be split into active solutions, such as magnetic diverters and plasma shields or passive solutions utilizing bulk shielding 1 – 3 For these strategies, solutions are carefully chosen to reduce weight and minimize other issues, such as material outgassing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of impurities in shielding material on simulations of instrument background in space

Hubbard

Hall

Hetherington

et al. 2023

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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A major source of background for x-ray focal plane detectors in space instrumentation aboard missions, such as Extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array and Athena Wide Field Imager, is the space radiation environment. High-energy radiations from the environment interact with the spacecraft structure leading to large productions of secondary particles with energies that are detectable in the science region of interest for instrumentation. Reducing the background from these events is vital for the success of many missions. Graded-Z shielding is a common solution to help reduce the instrument background. Layers of materials with decreasing atomic numbers near detectors help reduce the background. Much of the design is determined through iterative simulations to find an optimal solution that meets the requirements for the scientific operation of the instrument. Recent results have indicated an underestimate in the instrument background from the simulations. One hypothesis has been that the simulations do not typically include the impurities in the shielding materials. The work presented investigates the association of impurities in the graded-Z materials and the instrument background spectra. Typically, impurities are not included in material definitions as they can significantly increase computational time. The impurities, percentage loading, and distribution have all been explored and evaluated for an Al-Mo-Be graded-Z shield.

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Study of a Superconducting Magnetic Diverter for the ATHENA X-Ray Space Telescope

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Artificial intelligence methods for applied superconductivity: material, design, manufacturing, testing, operation, and condition monitoring

Artificial intelligence methods for applied superconductivity: material, design, manufacturing, testing, operation, and condition monitoring

Effectiveness of a dual solenoid magnetic shield at reducing x-ray-like background in silicon-based x-ray detectors

Impact of impurities in shielding material on simulations of instrument background in space

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