Study in the Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Relation to the Active Immunization of Certain Age Groups

Godfrey, Edward

doi:10.2105/ajph.22.3.237-b

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A British Medical Journal review in 1932 observed testily that ' the average MoH is unable to keep in touch with the voluminous and repetitive writings of M. Ramon' [22]. Furthermore, the North American experience suggested that while children of school age might be easy to reach the elimination of diphtheria would depended on immunizing pre-school children as well [23]. Separate arrangements would be required for each group.…”

Section: Professional Reluctancementioning

confidence: 99%

The diphtheria vaccine debacle of 1940 that ushered in comprehensive childhood immunization in the United Kingdom

Mortimer¹

2011

Epidemiol. Infect.

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In January 1940 British Ministry of Health circular 1307 proposed the introduction of mass childhood diphtheria immunization. This was a policy reversal after a decade during which opportunities for diphtheria prophylaxis were ignored, or resisted on grounds of cost. Diphtheria toxoid was to be the first of many centrally funded childhood immunizations in the UK and it set a pattern that has now held good for over 70 years. The circumstances in 1940 were particularly fortuitous, and diphtheria toxoid has since given successive generations of children a lifetime's protection from the disease; but difficulties have been experienced in introducing and evaluating some of the more recent immunizations, and in maintaining and justifying them in the face of parental scepticism and academic or pressure-group opposition, however ill-founded this may have been. The task of decision-making with regard to new candidate vaccines demands a careful balancing against the costs of the expected benefits during the recipient's lifespan.

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Section: Professional Reluctancementioning

confidence: 99%

The diphtheria vaccine debacle of 1940 that ushered in comprehensive childhood immunization in the United Kingdom

Mortimer¹

2011

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Toxin-antitoxin mixture was used as a prophylactic in the early 1920s in New York state and its effect on the epidemiology of diphtheria was recorded by Godfrey (1932). Toxoid soon became the preferred preparation and a striking early example of its efficacy was noted during 1926-9, when there was a 75 % reduction in cases among 27000 schoolchildren in Toronto who had been given toxoid compared with about 9000 who had not (McKinnon, Ross & Defries, 1931).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diphtheria in North America

Dixon

1984

J. Hyg.

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SummaryThe incidence of diphtheria has declined in North America during the last fifty years until it is now an uncommon disease. This general pattern is similar to that seen in other developed countries with well-organized immunization programmes, but certain noteworthy characteristics have been observed in recent years: foci of infection lingered in two population groups of low socio-economic status, in both of which the skin has been an important reservoir. In central areas of certain cities, endemic diphtheria, chiefly cutaneous, has occurred amongst indigent adult males living in unhygienic conditions; and in the native Indian population of Northern Canada diphtheria infection has been endemic in infants and children, many of the infections being of the skin or ear and toxic disease being uncommon. During the last few years, diphtheria outbreaks have not been reported in urban areas and possibly endemicity is now restricted to northern native populations. The number of infections detected in these northern endemic areas is steadily decreasing.

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“…Two groups of children were tested, there being more than 250 children in each. It was found that the results were as good when 2doses were given 1 week apart as when given 3 weeks apart; therefore, the 1-week interval was adopted.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diphtheria Prevention in Chicago: The Health Officer's Problem

Bundesen¹

1934

Am J Public Health Nations Health

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Study in the Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Relation to the Active Immunization of Certain Age Groups

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

The diphtheria vaccine debacle of 1940 that ushered in comprehensive childhood immunization in the United Kingdom

The diphtheria vaccine debacle of 1940 that ushered in comprehensive childhood immunization in the United Kingdom

Diphtheria in North America

Diphtheria Prevention in Chicago: The Health Officer's Problem

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