Study in Psychophysiology of Muscle Tension

Shipman, William G.; Oken, Donald; Goldstein, Iris B.; Grinker, Roy R.; Heath, Helen A.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1964.01720270102012

Cited by 27 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Moreover, the HA group has higher gastrocnemius muscle tension during the first 10 s after the stressful task compared to the control task, but not the LA group. This is in line with previous studies that have found response specificity within the skeletal muscles according to personality trait Heath et al, 1967;Shipman et al, 1964). In addition, a more recent study has reported among six muscles recorded a trend toward higher gastrocnemius muscle tension in generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) patients following a speech task than in control subjects (Conrad et al, 2008).…”

Section: Baselinesupporting

confidence: 91%

The time course of autonomic parameters and muscle tension during recovery following a moderate cognitive stressor: Dependency on trait anxiety level

Willmann¹,

Langlet²,

Hainaut³

et al. 2012

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Section: Baselinesupporting

confidence: 91%

The time course of autonomic parameters and muscle tension during recovery following a moderate cognitive stressor: Dependency on trait anxiety level

Willmann¹,

Langlet²,

Hainaut³

et al. 2012

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…Regarding the generality of any factor, it is distinctly possible that certain muscle groups but not others show stereotypies in covariation under specific stimulus conditions or in certain personality types, as Reich thought (Reich, 1945/1972; also see Goldstein, Grinker, Heath, Oken, & Shipman, 1964; Shipman, Oken, Goldstein, Grinker, & Heath, 1964). In these cases there would be a host of general factors not detectable by our criterion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety and striate-muscle activation: Evidence from electromyographic pattern analysis.

Fridlund¹,

Hatfield²,

Cottam³

et al. 1986

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Electromyographic (EMG) responses of self-reported high-and low-anxious females were recorded during a 15-min anticipation period followed by 5 min of 105-dB binaural white noise stimulation. A computer-controlled scanning electromyograph sampled integrated surface EMG activity from a total of eight muscle sites on the head, neck, and limbs. High-anxious subjects evinced higher mean EMG levels than low-anxious subjects both preceding and during the stimulus period. Microanalysis of the within-subjects data arrays involving P-factoring on principal components provided the first detailed diachronic observations of striate-muscle action in trait-anxious subjects. Little evidence was found for a general tension factor in either low-anxious or high-anxious subjects. Furthermore, no differences were observed in multiple-site covariance structures between the two groups; the EMG elevations in the high-anxious subjects consisted of largely uncorrelated response bursts. The data mitigate prevalent conceptions of increased tonic muscular contraction during arousal and anxiety. Anxiety, we believe, reflects activation more than immobilization or defense.Elevated striate-muscle activity is often presumed to accompany high levels of reported anxiety. This presumption has endured despite little systematic observation of the striate musculature's behavior in anxiety states.William James asserted the importance of visceral and striate-muscle feedback for the perception of strong emotions (James, 1884), and he identified a muscularly tense hyperactive personality type (James, 1890). From a centralist perspective on emotion (cf. Cannon, 1929), anxiety has been interpreted as a sympatheticotonic imbalance (Wenger, Jones, & Jones, 1956) that gives rise to preparatory or defensive muscular responses

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“…Studies have appeared which lend credence to the fact that it measures body experiences related to the indi vidual's differentiation between exterior and interior regions of his body (20, 46). It has proven to be positively correlated with the occurrence of psychosomatic symptoms at exterior as contrasted to interior body sites (23, 126, 144) and with relatively higher physiological activation of exteri or as compared to interior body sites (7,20,127,144,149). It has further shown itself to be meaningfully related to ability to communicate (22, 115), insight about self (41), hypnotic susceptibility (39), sex differences in body perception (43), response to sensory isolation (116), effects of consuming alcohol (lOS), clothing preferences (25), delay in seeking medical consulta tion (53), tachistoscopic thresholds for pictures of body areas (19), delin quent behavior (86), yielding behavior (31), adjustment to body disability (129), and development of paranoid versus non paranoid schizophrenic symptomatology (26).…”

Section: Specialized Ink Blot Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projective Methodologies

Fisher¹

1967

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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The term "projective test" has become overloaded with connotations that automatically, with little regard for the facts, elicit positive or nega tive responses. This irrationality has already been amusingly documented by Levy & Orr's (76) observation that psychologists in clinical versus aca demic settings are inclined to obtain opposing results when evaluating Ror schach test hypotheses. In view of accumulating work on experimenter bias (62), it should come as no surprise that strong prejudices about projective tests have intruded in such a fashion into experimental results. One could argue convincingly that the term "projective test" should be abolished not only because of the passion it arouses but also because it has seriously cracked under the strain of trying to hold together an impossible conglomer ate of meanings. Even in the early days of projective test development there was, as Zubin, Eron & Schumer (150) and Murstein (94) have pointed out, confusion about what made a response "projective." There has been continuing uneasiness about how to include under one rubric measures which range from perceptual to motor, responses that vary from sponta neous to those elicited by direct questioning, interpretative frameworks which argue opposingly for the paramount importance of the form versus the content of the response, and orientations which see validity only in pat terned interpretation of responses as contrasted to views that the future of proj ective tests depends upon isolating simple unidimensional variables. The diversity is so great that it is not an exaggeration to say that some "projective tests" resemble the MMPI more than they do other "projective tests." For example, the procedure of compiling, without thought as to their logic, a list of "signs" which will distinguish the figure drawings of schizophrenic and normal subjects is much closer to the logic and design of the MMPI than it is to the Rorschach rationale for determining the experi ence balance.Looking back, one fi nds that a single projective test like the Rorschach has served such diverse uses as the following: (a ) an impressionistic clini cal instrument in which only the interpreter's uprightness and verbal fluency limit his deductions; (b) a source of carefully defi ned samples of imagery indicating how much an individual is caught up with one motive or affect state (e.g., anxiety, hostility); (c) a means for detecting the im pact of subliminal stimuli (130); (d) a context for observing every possible kind of response deviance; (e) a procedure for assaying harmony between married couples (80); (f) a measure of intelligence; (g) a means for determining the character of the body image boundary (45); (h) an index 1 The survey of the literature was concluded in March 1966. 165 104 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1967.18:165-190. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by McMaster University on 02/05/15. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 166 FISHER of commonality of fantasy among various cultures (...

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Study in Psychophysiology of Muscle Tension

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

The time course of autonomic parameters and muscle tension during recovery following a moderate cognitive stressor: Dependency on trait anxiety level

The time course of autonomic parameters and muscle tension during recovery following a moderate cognitive stressor: Dependency on trait anxiety level

Anxiety and striate-muscle activation: Evidence from electromyographic pattern analysis.

Projective Methodologies

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