Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water

doi:10.3133/wsp2254

Cited by 88 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…Chloride concentrations were analyzed to determine if concentrations exceeded the EPA SDWR of 250 milligrams per liter (mg/L; table 5). Chloride is present in all natural waters, but generally at low concentrations (Hem, 1985). In Table 4.…”

Section: Water-quality Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reporting levels Dissolved solids concentrations were analyzed to determine if concentrations exceeded the EPA SDWR of 500 mg/L (table 5). Dissolved solids are an important constituent to water purveyors and users because high concentrations of dissolved solids can cause changes to the taste of water and could have undesirable effects for hospitals, industrial facilities, and stream ecosystems (Hem, 1985). Dissolved solids in surface water result from natural dissolution of rocks and minerals or discharges from municipal, industrial, or agricultural sources (Hem, 1985).…”

Section: Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dissolved solids are an important constituent to water purveyors and users because high concentrations of dissolved solids can cause changes to the taste of water and could have undesirable effects for hospitals, industrial facilities, and stream ecosystems (Hem, 1985). Dissolved solids in surface water result from natural dissolution of rocks and minerals or discharges from municipal, industrial, or agricultural sources (Hem, 1985). The primary constituents of dissolved solids are the cations (positively charges ions) calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium; the anions (negatively charged ions) sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and those contributing to alkalinity; and several other constituents that are present in small quantities.…”

Section: Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dissolved solids concentrations may be affected by different constituents in different locations in North Dakota. Usually the changes in dissolved solids concentrations are somewhat related to the rate of water streamflow and the rate of change of streamflow, but this correlation is complicated by other factors related to the hydrology and the geochemistry of the system (Hem, 1985).…”

Section: Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sodium concentrations were analyzed to determine if concentrations exceeded the taste threshold of 30 mg/L (table 5). Sodium tends to remain in solution when dissolved from weathering rocks and does not form precipitates that can reduce dissolved sodium concentrations (Hem, 1985). Cationexchange processes in freshwater systems tend to extract divalent ions from solution and replace them with monovalent ions, especially sodium (Hem, 1985).…”

Section: Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of surface-water and groundwater quality on the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, 2014–17

Lundgren¹,

Iorio²

2020

Scientific Investigations Report

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The Fort Berthold Reservation is in west-central North Dakota and home to the Three Affiliated Tribes. The primary water-resources concerns on the Fort Berthold Reservation are associated with the different types of land uses from agricultural activities and the rapid development of oil and gas resources in western North Dakota. The Three Affiliated Tribes Environmental Department identified the need for long-term water-quality monitoring throughout the Fort Berthold Reservation to better understand the potential effects on surface-water and groundwater quality and to determine if water quality is changing with time. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Three Affiliated Tribes, identified surface-water sites and groundwater wells that represent the water resources in major drainages and the most utilized aquifers on the reservation. A water-quality monitoring program was designed to address data gaps and provide consistent long-term data that can be used to identify potential effects on water quality. During 2014-17, the initial water-quality sampling efforts associated with this program were completed. The efforts provide a current (2019) characterization of water-quality conditions in surface water and groundwater and can assist in establishing a long-term water-quality monitoring program.

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Section: Water-quality Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Characterization of surface-water and groundwater quality on the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, 2014–17

Lundgren¹,

Iorio²

2020

Scientific Investigations Report

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Bioavailability and Toxicity Models of Copper to Freshwater Life: The State of Regulatory Science

Mebane

2023

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Efforts to incorporate bioavailability adjustments into regulatory water quality criteria in the United States have included four major procedures: hardness‐based single‐linear regression equations, water‐effect ratios (WERs), biotic ligand models (BLMs), and multiple‐linear regression models (MLRs) that use dissolved organic carbon, hardness, and pH. The performance of each with copper (Cu) is evaluated, emphasizing the relative performance of hardness‐based versus MLR‐based criteria equations. The WER approach was shown to be inherently highly biased. The hardness‐based model is in widest use, and the MLR approach is the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) present recommended approach for developing aquatic life criteria for metals. The performance of criteria versions was evaluated with numerous toxicity datasets that were independent of those used to develop the MLR models, including olfactory and behavioral toxicity, and field and ecosystem studies. Within the range of water conditions used to develop the Cu MLR criteria equations, the MLR performed well in terms of predicting toxicity and protecting sensitive species and ecosystems. In soft waters, the MLR outperformed both the BLM and hardness models. In atypical waters with pH <5.5 or >9, neither the MLR nor BLM predictions were reliable, suggesting that site‐specific testing would be needed to determine reliable Cu criteria for such settings. The hardness‐based criteria performed poorly with all toxicity datasets, showing no or weak ability to predict observed toxicity. In natural waters, MLR and BLM criteria versions were strongly correlated. In contrast, the hardness‐criteria version was often out of phase with the MLR and, depending on waterbody and season, could be either strongly overprotective or underprotective. The MLR‐based USEPA‐style chronic criterion appears to be more generally protective of ecosystems than other models. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;00:1–35. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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Importance of background threshold value development within risk‐based corrective action programs

Tramm,

Minter,

Seaton

2023

Vadose Zone Journal

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Risk‐based corrective action (RBCA) programs employ conservative models to develop default values for soil screening, which simplify the risk assessment process. However, for several naturally occurring metals (e.g., arsenic and lead), these published screening values are often unrealistic and well below the documented background levels in soil. This can lead to confusion among the regulated community and inexperienced regulators, as it will inappropriately identify naturally occurring conditions as a release (false positive or Type I error). An effective RBCA program requires the incorporation of defensible background threshold values (BTVs) in the screening process. Recent datasets and BTV development methods are available to enhance existing RBCA programs and reduce the occurrence of Type I errors. This review evaluated the role “background” currently plays in the Texas Risk Reduction Program (TRRP) and offers defensible approaches in minimizing Type I errors estimated by one Texas municipality to directly result in an unnecessary expenditure of over $250,000 annually to address this confusion in the form of additional assessment, remediation, soil management, and even disposal requirements. The same BTV development process demonstrated in this Texas case study can also inform risk assessment efforts in other areas where BTVs can supplement existing RBCA programs.

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Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water

Cited by 88 publications

References 211 publications

Characterization of surface-water and groundwater quality on the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, 2014–17

Characterization of surface-water and groundwater quality on the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, 2014–17

Bioavailability and Toxicity Models of Copper to Freshwater Life: The State of Regulatory Science

Importance of background threshold value development within risk‐based corrective action programs

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