Studies with a prototype high resolution PET scanner based on LSO-APD modules

Pichler, Bernd J.; Böning, Claus W.; Lorenz, E.; Mirzoyan, R.; Pimpl, W.; Schwaiger, Markus; Ziegler, S.I.

doi:10.1109/23.682020

Cited by 91 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…1 PET/MRI also opens new avenues for clinical diagnosis [2][3][4][5][6][7] and basic research, specifically in the realms of oncology 8 and neurology. [9][10][11] Clinical and preclinical PET/MRI could not have been realized without the development of semiconductor based PET detectors [12][13][14] which enabled their integration into a MR bore and the simultaneous acquisition of PET and MR data while maintaining the full performance of both imaging modalities. [15][16][17] Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) were initially the only candidates for efficient scintillation light detection that could be operated in high magnetic fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel depth of interaction PET detector using highly multiplexed G‐APD cross‐strip encoding

Kolb¹,

Parl²,

Mantlik³

et al. 2014

Medical Physics

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a prototype PET detector module for a combined small animal positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) system. The most important factor for small animal imaging applications is the detection sensitivity of the PET camera, which can be optimized by utilizing longer scintillation crystals. At the same time, small animal PET systems must yield a high spatial resolution. The measured object is very close to the PET detector because the bore diameter of a high field animal MR scanner is limited. When used in combination with long scintillation crystals, these small-bore PET systems generate parallax errors that ultimately lead to a decreased spatial resolution. Thus, we developed a depth of interaction (DoI) encoding PET detector module that has a uniform spatial resolution across the whole field of view (FOV), high detection sensitivity, compactness, and insensitivity to magnetic fields. Methods: The approach was based on Geiger mode avalanche photodiode (G-APD) detectors with cross-strip encoding. The number of readout channels was reduced by a factor of 36 for the chosen block elements. Two 12 × 2 G-APD strip arrays (25 μm cells) were placed perpendicular on each face of a 12 × 12 lutetium oxyorthosilicate crystal block with a crystal size of 1.55 × 1.55 × 20 mm. The strip arrays were multiplexed into two channels and used to calculate the x, y coordinates for each array and the deposited energy. The DoI was measured in step sizes of 1.8 mm by a collimated 18 F source. The coincident resolved time (CRT) was analyzed at all DoI positions by acquiring the waveform for each event and applying a digital leading edge discriminator. Results: All 144 crystals were well resolved in the crystal flood map. The average full width half maximum (FWHM) energy resolution of the detector was 12.8% ± 1.5% with a FWHM CRT of 1.14 ± 0.02 ns. The average FWHM DoI resolution over 12 crystals was 2.90 ± 0.15 mm. Conclusions: The novel DoI PET detector, which is based on strip G-APD arrays, yielded a DoI resolution of 2.9 mm and excellent timing and energy resolution. Its high multiplexing factor reduces the number of electronic channels. Thus, this cross-strip approach enables low-cost, high-performance PET detectors for dedicated small animal PET and PET/MRI and potentially clinical PET/MRI systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel depth of interaction PET detector using highly multiplexed G‐APD cross‐strip encoding

Kolb¹,

Parl²,

Mantlik³

et al. 2014

Medical Physics

Self Cite

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“…As an alternative to PMTs, novel silicon-based photodiodes with internal amplification-so-called avalanche photodiodes (APDs)-have proven to be a candidate for a scintillation light detector in PET systems [30][31][32]. APDs are very compact devices (Fig.…”

Section: Multimodality Scanner Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

PET/MRI hybrid imaging: devices and initial results

2008

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The combination of functional and morphological imaging technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) has shown its value in the clinical and preclinical field. However, CT provides only very limited soft-tissue contrast and exposes the examined patient or laboratory animal to a high X-ray radiation dose. In comparison to CT, magnetic resonance tomography (MRI) provides excellent soft-tissue contrast and allows for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS) or functional MRI (fMRI). Thus, the combination of PET and MRI has been pursued for several years. First approaches have succeeded using conventional photo multiplier tube (PMT) technology together with light fibers to transfer scintillation light away from the high magnetic field. Latest PET/MRI developments use solid-state light detectors that can be operated even at high magnetic fields. Initial pilot studies with prototype animal PET/MRI systems have shown promising results by combining high resolution morphology with multifunctional information isochronously.

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“…LAAPDs have been mostly used as optical photodetectors coupled to inorganic scintillators for X-and g-ray detection, substituting for photomultiplier tubes. Applications include instrumentation for nuclear physics [1,2], high-energy physics [3,4] and medicine [5,6]. Additionally, these devices are fairly good X-ray spectrometers [7,8] presenting energy resolutions similar to those of proportional counters [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour of large-area avalanche photodiodes under intense magnetic fields for VUV- visible- and X-ray photon detection

Fernandes

Antognini

Boucher

et al. 2003

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The behaviour of large-area avalanche photodiodes for X-rays, visible and vacuum-ultra-violet (VUV) light detection in magnetic fields up to 5 T is described. For X-rays and visible light detection, the photodiode pulse amplitude and energy resolution were unaffected from 0 to 5 T, demonstrating the insensitivity of this type of detector to strong magnetic fields. For VUV light detection, however, the photodiode relative pulse amplitude decreases with increasing magnetic field intensity reaching a reduction of about 24% at 5 T, and the energy resolution degrades noticeably with increasing magnetic field. r

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Studies with a prototype high resolution PET scanner based on LSO-APD modules

Cited by 91 publications

References 9 publications

Development of a novel depth of interaction PET detector using highly multiplexed G‐APD cross‐strip encoding

Development of a novel depth of interaction PET detector using highly multiplexed G‐APD cross‐strip encoding

PET/MRI hybrid imaging: devices and initial results

Behaviour of large-area avalanche photodiodes under intense magnetic fields for VUV- visible- and X-ray photon detection

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