Background Forests inhibits a large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, wealth of non-timber forest products and a good number of wild edible fruits plants. These wild edible fruits are an indispensable constituent of human and rich in vitamin, minerals, fibre, antioxidants and compounds of nutritional importance such as alkaloids, essential oils and phenolic etc. Many of them are also very good source of ethno-medicines. But, the knowledge of valuable heritage of these fruits is orally handed over from one generation to other generation years after year. Nevertheless, the folk and ethno-medicinal values of these fruits are still playing a great role in treatment of diseases but now the traditional knowledge are disappearing and losing their intrinsic values. The present study was undertaken to document wild edible fruits of Arunachal Pradesh, India, and to study the socio-economic importance of these fruits among the people of the district.Methods Extensive field surveys, plant collection, herbarium preparations and personal interviews with the traditional healers as well as local people from rural villages were conducted for this study. Altogether 50 wild edible fruits belonging to 31 families having medicinal and socio economic significance were reported in this study. Results Among the different families, Moraceae and Rutaceae were the dominant with 5 species, followed by Phyllanthaceae, Anacardiaceae and Rosaceae, Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Primulaceae and Fagaceae. In terms of parts used, the highest used was leaves (35.58 %), followed by fruits and bark (21.51%), root (10.73 %), seed (7.53 %), latex (2.15%) and shoot (1.07%). Therapeutically, the reported wild edible fruits are used against 14 classes of diseases viz. gastrointestinal, dermatological, cardiovascular, respiratory, urogenital, ENT, Anti-venom/ insect bite, snakebite, mental and nervous disorders, minor ailments, bone disease, food poison, jaundice, cancers and allergy. They have a number of uses in the rural economy like constructional timbers, firewood, charcoal, fodder, fish poisoning, dyes, oils etc.Conclusions Although, these fruits plays an important role in the social and cultural life of the tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh, India, but this valuable species has been vanishing at a very faster rate without proper documentation. Therefore, the claimed therapeutic values of these species are to be critically studied and conserve these valuable species before their extinction.