Studies on toxaphene in the environment. II. PCCs in Baltic and Arctic Sea and lake fish

Paasiv́irta, Jaakko; Rantio, Tiina; Koistinen, Jaana; Vuorinen, Pekka J.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90395-l

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…In particular, some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) occur at significant levels far away from their sources due to atmospheric transport. Arctic POP pollution, bioaccumulation and food chain enrichment is in great part due to global atmospheric transport [170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180]. The process of transport is successfully explained by the model of Wania and Fig.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…For OCCs in Baltic wildlife, the most useful monitoring data thus far have been obtained from analyses of fish, especially herring and salmon samples. Mother salmon of the natural population breeding in the Simojoki River (Bay of Bothnia, Finland) were analyzed extensively during 1988-1992 [82,179]. These salmon collect OCCs and other pollutants from their prey during their feeding migration in winter along the Baltic and Gulf of Bothnia.…”

Section: Trends Of Biomagnified Contaminants and Ecotoxic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model explains why toxaphene (PCC) residues in the Arctic ecosystem are at the same level as in more temperate areas [175,182,183]. Examples of toxaphene and other chlorohydrocarbon concentrations in Baltic and Arctic fish [183] are illustrated in Fig. 3. …”

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confidence: 99%

“…Contents of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), toxaphene (PCC), DDT residues and chlordane residues (CHL) in lipid of salmon muscle (s.) from Simojoki River (Baltic) and Teno River (Arctic), and in lipid of cod livers (c.) from Gulf of Finland (Baltic) and Vestertana fjord (Arctic) [175] Mackay which incorporates the theory of global fractionation and cold condensation [181]. The model explains why toxaphene (PCC) residues in the Arctic ecosystem are at the same level as in more temperate areas [175,182,183]. Examples of toxaphene and other chlorohydrocarbon concentrations in Baltic and Arctic fish [183] are illustrated in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The values of emissions for level III estimation were derived by trial modelling to give approximately the same concentrations as observed in air, water or fish at the Bay of Bothnia [159][160][161][162]. Then, the same emissions were used in modelling the Southern Sea case.…”

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Long-term Effects of Bioaccumulation in Ecosystems

Paasiv́irta

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Extensive damage to organisms and declines in wildlife populations have been observed together with long-term bioaccumulation and biomagnification of persistent xenobiotic chemicals. Heavy metals, especially organic or biomethylated mercury, lead, cadmium and organic tin compounds have caused environmental damage through bioaccumulation on a local scale. Effects on wildife caused by bioaccumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds are more widespread. However, the causal relationship between a biomagnified compound and the long-term effects have been established in only a few cases. Metabolic transformations, and occurrence of several toxic contaminants together in many cases, complicate evaluations of the sources of long-term effects. Environmental fate, exposure of biota and biomagnification of a chemical can be predicted by modelling from its properties and from ecological, geological and climatic conditions of the recipient environment. Model predictions can be refined by experimental factors obtained from results of the field studies. Empirical estimates of hazardous bioaccumulation or biomagnification are obtained from field analyses of different trophic levels. Trend analyses of biomagnified contaminants and their effects can be utilized in prognosis of future development and in evaluation of the need for further action to protect the environment and human health. List of List of Symbols and Abbreviations IntroductionMan-made chemicals have caused deaths of wildlife populations due to serious dumpings, industrial discharges and accidental spills. In many cases the causal linkage between certain toxic chemical and damage has been obvious. In many other cases epidemic deaths of animal populations or vegetation has been suspected to be caused by an acute exposure to chemicals but not verified. Ecological damage from chronic exposure is even more difficult to explain. Long-term studies on the occurrence of anthropogenic chemicals in the environment, their effect potencies and their monitoring in connection with specific episodes have, however given some specific answers. These results justify the conclusion that some persistent anthropogenic chemicals are causing eco- Long-term Effects of Bioaccumulation in Ecosystems203 logical damage such as the decline of populations through breeding losses or developmental damage as a result of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment. Observed Effects from Bioaccumulation MercuryMercury is mobilized in the environment mainly from sources related to human activities [1,2]. Its ecotoxic effects were first observed in Sweden during the period 1948-65, where excess mortality of seed-eating birds was found to be caused by methyl mercury used as seed dressing fungicide [3,4]. Serious human mass poisonings from seafood in the early 1950s in Minamata and the early 1960s in Niigata were due to alkylmercury discharged from chemical manufacturing plants being bioaccumulated in fish and crustacea consumed by people [5]. Symptoms, e.g. visual field impairment, ...

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Section: Trends Of Biomagnified Contaminants and Ecotoxic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Long-term Effects of Bioaccumulation in Ecosystems

Paasiv́irta

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Organochlorine Pesticides in Muscle of Rainbow Trout from a Remote Japanese Lake and Their Potential Risk on Human Health

Takazawa

Tanaka

Shibata

2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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We determined the concentrations and residue patterns of 20 persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), mirex, dieldrin, endrin, and aldrin, in muscle of rainbow trout from Lake Mashu, Japan. Total concentrations of OCPs varied from 1.0 to 132 ng g −1 lipid weight. α-HCH was the most prevalent OCP contaminant in the fish muscle. Using the daily fish consumption in Japan (95.2 g), the mean weight of a Japanese adult (50.0 kg), and residual pesticide concentrations, we calculated the estimated daily intakes of γ-HCH, DDTs, CHLs, and dieldrin for humans to be 0.39, 0.48, 0.68, and 0.08 ng kg −1 day −1 , respectively. Judging from acceptable daily intakes established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, we believe that these OCP levels would not adversely affect human health.

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Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program

Paasiv́irta

Sinkkonen

Nikiforov

et al. 2009

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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For assessment of the risk of environmental damages, chemical fate determination is an essential tool for chemical control, e.g., for EU following the REACH rules. The present conclusion of applicability of the chained single-box multimedia modeling can be validated by further studies using analyses of emissions and target biota in various other cases. To achieve useful results, fate models built with databases having automatic steps for most calculations and outputs accessible to all chemical control professionals are essential. Our FATEMOD program catchments at environments and compound properties listed in the database represent a feasible tool for local, regional, and, according our present test results, for global exposure predictions. As an extended use of model, emission estimates can be achieved by reversed modeling from analysis results of samples corresponding to the target area.

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Studies on toxaphene in the environment. II. PCCs in Baltic and Arctic Sea and lake fish

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

Long-term Effects of Bioaccumulation in Ecosystems

Long-term Effects of Bioaccumulation in Ecosystems

Organochlorine Pesticides in Muscle of Rainbow Trout from a Remote Japanese Lake and Their Potential Risk on Human Health

Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program

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