Studies on the Sex Difference in Toxicity of a Cholinergic Phosphorothioate.

DuBois, Kenneth P.; Puchala, Elizabeth

doi:10.3181/00379727-107-26791

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Semantics. Sometime in the 1980s, toxicologists began publishing on ''gender differences'' rather than ''sex differences,'' the terminology used in the 1960s (Dubois and Puchala 1961;Munoz et al 1961). Perhaps it was considered impolite to talk about sex in public.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

Gochfeld

2016

Toxicol Pathol

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Sex, the states of being female or male, potentially interacts with all xenobiotic exposures, both inadvertent and deliberate, and influences their toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and outcomes. Sex differences occur in behavior, exposure, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics, accounting for female-male differences in responses to environmental chemicals, diet, and pharmaceuticals, including adverse drug reactions. Often viewed as an annoying confounder, researchers have studied only one sex, adjusted for sex, or ignored it. Occupational epidemiology, the basis for understanding many toxic effects in humans, usually excluded women. Likewise FDA rules excluded women of child-bearing age from drug studies for many years. Aside from sex-specific organs, sex differences and sex × age interactions occur for a wide range of disease states as well as hormone-influenced conditions and drug distribution. Women have more adverse drug reactions than men, The Classic Sex Hormone Paradigm (gonadectomy and replacement) reveals significant interaction of sex and toxicokinetics including absorption, distribution, metabolisms and elimination. Studies should be designed to detect sex differences, describe the mechanisms, and interpret these in a broad social, clinical and evolutionary context with phenomena that do not differ. Sex matters, but how much of a difference is needed to matter remains challenging.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

Gochfeld

2016

Toxicol Pathol

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“…Parathion was given as a single intraperitoneal dose (2.5 mg/kg) both to control and in utero parathion-exposed ani mals (4 control and 4 parathion exposed rats). Only male rats were used, since sex-dependent differences in the metabolism of parathion have been reported which render the male more resistant to this insecti cide than females [12]. Blood samples (200 pi) were obtained from the tail artery and collected in microhematocrit-heparinized capillaries 3, 8, 18, 28, 53, and 70 min after administration of parathion.…”

Section: Kinetic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrauterine Exposure to Parathion Increases Its Disposition Rate in Postnatal Life

Jaramillo

Reyes²

1990

Neonatology

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The effect of in utero exposure to parathion was assessed in offspring from dams treated with low doses of parathion during gestation. An analytical method to measure parathion in small blood samples (200 μl) was used which prevented significant bleeding during sampling. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in anesthetized 6-week-old male rats and showed a monoexponential pattern of elimination. The offspring exposed in utero to parathion depicted a higher plasma disposition rate of the insecticide than the control group (T_1/2e1 60 ± 18.2 and 24.8 ± 13.1 min, respectively; p < 0.05), suggesting the presence of some adaptive mechanism. This mechanism might render the in utero exposed animal less liable to the toxic effects of this pesticide during the postnatal life. The increase observed in the elimination rate does not seem to be due to higher secretory activity of the kidney, and metabolic mechanisms might be involved.

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Sex Differences in Combined Drug Response

LaSalle¹

1966

JAMA

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Studies on the Sex Difference in Toxicity of a Cholinergic Phosphorothioate.

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

Intrauterine Exposure to Parathion Increases Its Disposition Rate in Postnatal Life

Sex Differences in Combined Drug Response

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