STUDIES ON THE ORAL TOXICITY OF<i>CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM</i>TOXIN, TYPE A

Coleman, I. W.

doi:10.1139/y54-004

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The path for escape of botulinal toxin from the intestine into the general circulation has been found to be by way of the lymphatics. 78 ,112 This observation followed earlier studies revealing little escape of toxin from isolated loops of intestine, of a number of animal species, directly into the blood, 12,38,[40][41][42][43][44]74 and confirmed a suspicion of the existence of lymphatic absorption in the rabbit. 44 Cannulization of the thoracic duct or the cistcrna chyli permits collection of the toxin crossing the gut wall.…”

Section: Million Moleculesl3°supporting

confidence: 54%

The botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: A review

Lamanna¹,

Cj²

1967

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

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It is our wish to consider the current status of knowledge and to stimulate awareness of the problems and opportunities existing for future studies of the nature and actions of the botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins. Increasing knowledge makes such a review timely. In the light of the selective actions of botulinal and tetanal toxins on autonomic and central nervous system interneuronal mechanisms, it is remarkable that one finds no references to these very useful agents in the outstanding texts and reference volumes in neurophysiology and pharmacology. Successful methods of purification now make it possible to employ these toxins as specific reprodUCible and selective reagents or aids in the study of physioReceived for publication Oct. 5, 1966. 286logical and pharmacological questions, a potential that has not been exploited maximally.It is logical to consider these three exotoxins of gram positive bacteria in a single paper because in common they have been proven to be neurotoxic simple proteins. Our attention will not be focused on the purely bacteriological questions of the origin of these toxins in the bacterial economy and environmental factors influencing their production and occurrence in clinical illness. Nor will we consider the clinical problem of tetanus and botulism in medical and veterinary practice, and the occurrence of botulism in wildlife. Reviews including subject matter we have not covered are available. 90 , 93, 114, 115, 128, 135, 154, 156, 177,249,307,308 We will consider primarily the nature and actions of the toxins.

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Section: Million Moleculesl3°supporting

confidence: 54%

The botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: A review

Lamanna¹,

Cj²

1967

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

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“…Most cases of poisoning are caused by ingestion of toxin, so it is clear that BoNT must escape the gastrointestinal system and reach the general circulation (lymph and blood) in route to peripheral cholinergic nerve endings. Previous studies have identified the upper small intestine as the primary site of toxin absorption (Dack, 1926;Coleman, 1954;May and Whaler, 1958;Heckly et al, 1960).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Features of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Molecule That Govern Binding and Transcytosis across Polarized Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Maksymowych¹,

Simpson²

2004

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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Experiments were done to help localize the minimum essential domain within the botulinum toxin molecule that is necessary for binding and transport across human gut epithelial cells. The data demonstrated that the neurotoxin alone, in the absence of auxiliary proteins, undergoes transcytosis. The neurotoxin by itself was examined in the single chain (unnicked serotype B) and dichain (nicked serotype B, nicked serotype A) forms, and all displayed the ability to bind and penetrate epithelial barriers. In addition, the single chain and dichain molecules were examined in the oxidized and reduced states, and again all forms were transported. To further define the minimum essential domain, experiments were done with two toxin fragments: 1) the heavy chain, which was derived from native toxin, and 2) the carboxy-terminal portion of the heavy chain, which was generated by recombinant techniques. Interestingly, both fragments were fully competent in crossing epithelial barriers. These data suggest that a polypeptide derived from the toxin could be used as a carrier domain to transport other molecules across epithelial cells. In related experiments, physiological (i.e., potassium depletion) and pharmacological (i.e., chlorpromazine) manipulations were used to implicate clathrin-coated pits/vesicles as the structures responsible for endocytosis of toxin.

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“…As reported earlier by Coleman (1954), pure toxin is partially destroyed when fed to animals without protective colloids present. Table 3 shows the percent of total orally fed radioactive toxin excreted, from the rats in urine and feces.…”

Section: Elimination Rate Determinationsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…When administered orally, purified toxin is less toxic than toxin which is contained in a complex mixture such as in food, Coleman (1954) has suggested that purified toxin is probably more easily denatured by the digestive processes of an animal than impure toxin because of the loss of protective colloids from the pure toxin.…”

Section: Pharmacological Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fate of radiolabeled botulinal toxin within the animal body

Vermilyea

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STUDIES ON THE ORAL TOXICITY OFCLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUMTOXIN, TYPE A

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

The botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: A review

The botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: A review

Structural Features of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Molecule That Govern Binding and Transcytosis across Polarized Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

The fate of radiolabeled botulinal toxin within the animal body

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