Studies on the nitrogen utilization of endosymbiotic algae isolated from Japanese Paramecium bursaria

Kato, Yutaka; Ueno, Seiko; Imamura, Nobutaka

doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.09.018

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Some of these transporters may be expressed when in a symbiotic environment (note: the ESTs in this study were from NC64A cells not engaged in symbiosis). This observation is consistent with previous studies, which suggest that Chlorella symbionts, including NC64A, possess an efficient system for importing amino acids from the P. bursaria host and can use amino acids as a source of nitrogen instead of nitrate (Kato et al, 2006). As a complement to amino acid transporters, NC64A contains many trypsin-like proteases that may be involved in degrading peptides into amino acids.…”

Section: Dynamics Of Chlorella Protein Familiessupporting

confidence: 92%

The Chlorella variabilis NC64A Genome Reveals Adaptation to Photosymbiosis, Coevolution with Viruses, and Cryptic Sex

et al. 2010

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Chlorella variabilis NC64A, a unicellular photosynthetic green alga (Trebouxiophyceae), is an intracellular photobiont of Paramecium bursaria and a model system for studying virus/algal interactions. We sequenced its 46-Mb nuclear genome, revealing an expansion of protein families that could have participated in adaptation to symbiosis. NC64A exhibits variations in GC content across its genome that correlate with global expression level, average intron size, and codon usage bias. Although Chlorella species have been assumed to be asexual and nonmotile, the NC64A genome encodes all the known meiosis-specific proteins and a subset of proteins found in flagella. We hypothesize that Chlorella might have retained a flagella-derived structure that could be involved in sexual reproduction. Furthermore, a survey of phytohormone pathways in chlorophyte algae identified algal orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in hormone biosynthesis and signaling, suggesting that these functions were established prior to the evolution of land plants. We show that the ability of Chlorella to produce chitinous cell walls likely resulted from the capture of metabolic genes by horizontal gene transfer from algal viruses, prokaryotes, or fungi. Analysis of the NC64A genome substantially advances our understanding of the green lineage evolution, including the genomic interplay with viruses and symbiosis between eukaryotes.

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Section: Dynamics Of Chlorella Protein Familiessupporting

confidence: 92%

The Chlorella variabilis NC64A Genome Reveals Adaptation to Photosymbiosis, Coevolution with Viruses, and Cryptic Sex

et al. 2010

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“…This may be why certain protozoa host single celled green algae (Kato et al 2006). The same type of algae live inside the mantle of small and large molluscs (Margulis, 1981).…”

Section: Symbiosis and Mutualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dunn (1988) showed that the photosynthesizing endosymbiont of the coelenterate Hydra provides substances particularly useful to the host and exploited above all during hard times. Kato et al (2006) showed that the alga endosymbiont of Paramecium bursaria has an enzyme pathway enabling exploitation of ammonium nitrate when other sources of nitrogen are absent.…”

Section: Symbiosis and Mutualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Types, evolution and significance of plant – animal interactions

Pacini

Viegi

Franchi

2008

Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei

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Interactions between plants and animals are analyzed starting from the advantages gained by animals and proceeding to those gained exclusively by plants. These interactions are essentially of five types: 1. predation of plants by animals; 2. benevolence of plants towards certain animals to prevent or reduce predation; 3. predation by plants (carnivorous plants); 4. symbiosis and mutualism; 5. seduction and deception of animals by plants for dispersal of plant reproductive structures. All types of plants are preyed on by animals, though from as far back in evolution as algae, certain plant molecules reduce or prevent predation. In the most primitive land plants, other types of interactions beneficial for plants are encountered. More evolved land plants (angiosperms) show all facets of the five types of interaction, whereas in prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae there is only predation and in some cases countermeasures to avoid it. An evolutionary path leading from predation, the original condition, to seduction, deception and carnivory, is also postulated.

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“…Japanese symbiont F36-ZK multiplied in the presence of amino acids rather than ammonium (Kamako et al, 2005;Kato et a!., 2006). The symbiont released maltose the similar to other Paramecium symbionts; however, it could not utilize nitrate due to lack of nitrate reductase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Japanese symbiont F36-ZK multiplied in the presence of amino acids rather than ammonium (Kamako et al, 2005;Kato et a!., 2006). Kinetic analyses of amino acid uptake and competitive experiments revealed three transport systems; a basic amino acid transport system, which catalyzed transport of L-Arg and L-Lys, a general amino acid transport system, which had broad specificity for 19 amino acids (but not L-Arg), and an alanine transport system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Amino acid transport systems of JapaneseParamecium symbiont F36-ZK

Kato

Imamura

2009

Symbiosis

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Analyses of amino acid transport systems in Japanese Paramecium symbiont F36-ZK were performed using 14C -amino acids. Kinetic analyses of amino acid uptake and competitive experiments revealed three transport systems; a basic amino acid transport system, which catalyzed transport of L-Arg and L-Lys, a general amino acid transport system, which had broad specificity for 19 amino acids (but not L-Arg), and an alanine transport system. These three systems were considered to be capable of active transport. Amino acid-proton symport was indicated by the following data: decreases in pH of the medium observed during L-Ser and L-Ala uptake, and uptake of L-Arg, L-Ser and L-Ala being inhibited by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, sodium azide and vanadate. The optimal pH for uptake of neutral amino acids and L-Arg was around 5 and 5 to 6.5, respectively. Uptake of L-Asp and L-Glu was very sensitive to pH and little uptake of L-Asp was measured above pH 6.0. Amino acid uptake was not inhibited by nitrate or ammonium, and cultured cells with ammonium also possessed constitutive uptake systems. Keywords:Paramecium bursaria, Chlorella, amino acid transport Japanese P. bursaria F36 (Kamako et al., 2005). The symbiont released maltose the similar to other Paramecium symbionts; however, it could not utilize nitrate due to lack of nitrate reductase. These findings suggest that F36-ZK was more adapted to its host than hosts associated with European and American symbionts. Japanese symbiont F36-ZK multiplied in the presence of amino acids rather than ammonium (Kamako et al., 2005;Kato et a!., 2006). In addition, preliminary study indicated that F36-ZK could transport more kinds of amino acids than the American Paramecium symbiont, which could import a few amino acids (McAuley, 1986;1989), and the free-living C. vulgaris, which was phylogenetically close to F36-ZK

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Studies on the nitrogen utilization of endosymbiotic algae isolated from Japanese Paramecium bursaria

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

The Chlorella variabilis NC64A Genome Reveals Adaptation to Photosymbiosis, Coevolution with Viruses, and Cryptic Sex

The Chlorella variabilis NC64A Genome Reveals Adaptation to Photosymbiosis, Coevolution with Viruses, and Cryptic Sex

Types, evolution and significance of plant – animal interactions

Amino acid transport systems of JapaneseParamecium symbiont F36-ZK

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