Studies on the Nervous Control of the Kidney in Relation to Diuresis and Urinary Secretion

Marshall, E. K.; Kolls, A. C.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1919.49.2.302

Cited by 43 publications

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“…We know from the observations of Claude Bernard (53) and of many experimenters since his time that section of one splanchnic nerve increases the urine flow on th at side in the whole animal. This result and the accompanying changes in the composition of the urine can be best explained in terms of an increased filtration pressure as the result of the coincident vaso-dilatation, as has been shown by Marshall and his co-workers (54). Under these conditions, however, or even when the kidney is excised and reimplanted(55) so that its freedom from nervous control is…”

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confidence: 89%

The secretion of urine as studied on the isolated kidney

1925

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B.

221

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Broadly speaking, there are two main avenues of approach in the attempt to unravel the complicated processes which determine the function of any individual organ. On the one hand, we may study its reaction in the intact animal to comparatively small environmental changes—a method of inestimable value, since it is one which may readily be applied to man ; on the other hand, we may remove the organ and study its reaction under grossly artificial conditions. In the former case, we sacrifice simplicity and full control to a close approximation to normality in environment ; in the latter case, we sacrifice normality in environment in order to obtain greater simplicity and a higher degree of experimental control. The former may be referred to as the analytic method of experimentation, the latter as the synthetic. On the one hand, we attempt to dissociate the medley of influences which share in determining the normal function of the organ, and to relegate to each its particular office in maintaining this normality ; on the other hand, we attempt to associate these influences in such a degree and in such a manner as to bring the isolated organ back to an environment and function comparable to the normal. We have used the latter method in an attempt to throw more light on the mechanism of urinary secretion in mammals. In order that the mammalian kidney may be kept alive in the isolated state, it is obvious from a consideration of its relatively enormous oxygen consumption—a consumption per gram per minute which may exceed that of the heart(10) (68)—that an efficient means of supplying this want must be at hand. Perfusion experiments such as those of Ludwig(1) in which a dog’s kidney was perfused with a solution containing 3 per cent. gum and 1 per cent. NaCI, can only hope to throw some light on the mechanical conditions obtaining in the dead organ. In 1890, Jacoby(2) perfused the isolated kidney of the dog with defibrinated blood by means of a pump and arterialised the blood by means of a current of air. With v. Sobieranski(3) he succeeded in obtaining a very slow urine flow by this means, but the fluid secreted invariably contained protein in considerable amounts. Three years later an improvement(4) in the form of apparatus was introduced in that an artificial pulmonary circulation was maintained by means of a second pump, the arterialised blood being then sent to the kidney as before. This improvement in technique, however, failed to give results of any promise. Similarly, Pfaff and Vejux Tyrode, (5) perfusing the dog’s kidney with defibrinated blood, invariably obtained blood and protein in the fluid issuing from the ureter. They claim to have shown that this untoward result was due to the toxic action of defibrinated blood. On defibrinating an animal the urine simultaneously secreted contained blood and protein, but this rapidly disappeared on removing the defibrinated blood, and replacing it with normal blood from another dog by bleeding this animal directly into the other’s venous system. Hirudin was tried and gave better results, but the experiments were not continued. The experiments of Sollmann(6) were performed with dog’s kidneys in the dead or dying condition. These were perfused with saline or highly diluted defibrinated blood in an attempt to study the mechanics of the organ. In 1903, Brodie(7) described an apparatus for the perfusion of isolated organs with oxygenated and defibrinated blood. He noticed, as had Pfaff and Vejux Tyrode, that vasoconstriction quickly set in under the conditions of experiment, but that(8) this could be overcome by the addition of chloral or amyl nitrite to the blood. A urine flow up to 16 c. c. per 15 minutes was obtained. Again, Hooker, (9) in a study of the influence of pulse pressure upon renal function, perfused dog’s kidneys by means of a pump with defibrinated blood through which oxygen was bubbled. He obtained a “ filtrate, neutral to litmus.” No other details of its composition are given. Up to this time it is clear that little success had been forthcoming in attempts to keep the isolated mammalian kidney alive, much less to function in a capacity approaching normal.

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confidence: 89%

The secretion of urine as studied on the isolated kidney

1925

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B.

221

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“…Bernard, 1859;Grek, 1912;Marshall & Kolls, 1919;Yoshimura, 1920;Ellinger & Hirt, 1925], it was noted by Klisiecki et al [1933] that crushing the splanchnics, under local anoesthesia, in the conscious dog was followed by insignificant alteration in the urinary flow.…”

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confidence: 99%

Observations on the renal circulation and secretion in the dog, with special reference to the effect of pituitary (posterior lobe) extract1

Handovsky¹,

Samaan²

1937

The Journal of Physiology

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IN the studies of Velden [1913] and Pick [1929, 1932], and in a recent paper by one o us [S a ma an, 1935 d], attention was drawn to the very high potency of post-pituitary extract in inhibiting the diuresis which follows the ingestion of water. From the investigations mentioned above, it was thought that information concerning the mode of action of various agents known to affect the rate of urinary flow might be obtained by investigating the changes in the renal circulation induced by these agents. The introduction of Rein's thermo-stromuhr [1928, 1929] for the study of blood flow through organs has solved one of the serious difficulties encountered in investigations on the intact animal. In fact the present work was made possible by using Rein's thermo-stromuhr, and the renal circulation was studied in both conscious and anaesthetized dogs. SECTION I. OBSERVATIONS ON CONSCIOUS DOGS Methods Twenty-one dogs of quiet disposition, weighing from 8 to 21 kg., were trained to receive a stomach tube without resentment. The "element" of Rein's apparatus was applied to the renal artery under ether narcosis, and the animals were then allowed to recover. In the first series of seventeen dogs observations on the renal circulation were made between the 4th and 16th hours after complete recovery from ether. In the second 1

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