Studies on the Mechanical Properties of C45 Steel with Martensitic Structure after a High Tempering Process

Woźniak, W; Sąsiadek, Michał; Jachowicz, Tomasz; Edl, Milan; Zając, Paweł

doi:10.12913/22998624/150564

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This steel can gain high mechanical properties [7,8], formality [9,10], or machinability [11,12] with the application of specific heat treatment [13,14]. Depending on the stage of element fabrication, 42CrMo4 steel can be softened, improving steel formality, or hardened to strengthen the final component's mechanical [15] or anti-wear properties [16]. However, the selection of appropriate treatment parameters is a complex process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure and Hardness of Cold Forged 42CrMo4 Steel Hollow Component with the Outer Flange

Szala¹,

Winiarski²,

Bulzak³

et al. 2022

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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For decades, steel has been a crucial structural material. Mainly low-alloy steel grade 42CrMo4 is utilized for manufacturing forgings. This paper investigates the microstructure and hardness development of the 42CrMo4 steel hollow component with an outer flange. The component has been formed via cold forging in combination with extrusion and upsetting technologies. Prior to forming, the workpiece was annealed to obtain hardness at the level of 181±9 HV0.3. The FEM analysis reveals the areas that undergo higher stress and strain. The flow lines macrostructure and microstructure of hollow parts were investigated using light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS. Vickers hardness allows identifying the work hardening of the crucial element areas. The microstructure consists of ferrite matrix and semispherical carbides. Laboratory studies confirm appropriate flow lines arrangement, which corresponds well to those shown by FEM computer simulations. The highest hardness at the level of 293±7 HV0.3 was identified in the flange area, where the material shows a higher distribution of effective strain revealed by FEM. Cold metal forming results in work-hardening of the steel. The work hardening ranges up to 1.62 of the initial 42CrMo4 steel hardness. The metal forming process did not affect the microstructural uniformity of the flanged hollow part. The final outer flange component presents high quality and is free from plastic deformation nonuniformities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that steel formability is improved while reducing hardness. Therefore softening annealing treatment should be applied before cold forging [15]. Concerning time and costs, many different softening treatment programs have been implemented to optimize the annealing parameters of AISI 4140 steel [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Hardness of Cold Forged 42CrMo4 Steel Hollow Component with the Outer Flange

Szala¹,

Winiarski²,

Bulzak³

et al. 2022

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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Machinability Assessment of Wire-Edm Using Brass Wire for C-45 Steel Applying Vikor-Ahp

Ukey¹,

Saha²,

Majumder³

2023

Surf. Rev. Lett.

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Excellent qualities including a good balance of strength and toughness, good wear resistance, cost-effectiveness, high machinability, functionality, durability, and reliability make C-45 steel a desirable option for automotive, tool and die-making industries, agricultural, railway, power transmission equipment, etc. When accuracy and precision are crucial, C-45 can be machined using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). In this study, input parameters like pulse-on time ([Formula: see text]), pulse-off time ([Formula: see text]), wire feed (WF), and wire tension (WT) were taken to investigate three crucial machining outputs namely average cutting speed (V), kerf width (KW), and material removal rate (MRR), using 0.25 mm brass wire. Taguchi’s ([Formula: see text]) orthogonal array has been utilized to perform the trial runs. A hybrid approach combining VIKOR in conjunction with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used to identify optimal WEDM process parameters. Finally, the optimal settings of the input process parameters are [Formula: see text] = 110 [Formula: see text]s, [Formula: see text]= 40 [Formula: see text]s, WF = 5 mm/min, and WT = 6 N, respectively. For the desired MRR, KW, and V, the ideal input factors were also achieved using Taguchi’s [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] ratio. Additionally, SEM micrographs revealed different effects on the machined surface during machining on optimal parameter settings. This study will help the decision-makers to find the best compromise solution to handle complex decision problems with multiple criteria and prioritize alternatives using a systematic approach which leads to a more effective and rational decision-making process.

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Method of Assessing the Logistics Process as Regards Information Flow Unreliability on the Example of a Container Terminal

Zając

Świeboda²

2023

Applied Sciences

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The reliability of logistics processes is most often considered in the context of the correct flow of materials. The information that accompanies the logistic flow is usually not considered a potential source of errors or disruptions to the correct operation of the logistic chain. The article presents literature studies in this field and presents a model for evaluating the logistics process, taking into account the quality of information. An example of process evaluation based on a container terminal was presented.

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Studies on the Mechanical Properties of C45 Steel with Martensitic Structure after a High Tempering Process

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Microstructure and Hardness of Cold Forged 42CrMo4 Steel Hollow Component with the Outer Flange

Microstructure and Hardness of Cold Forged 42CrMo4 Steel Hollow Component with the Outer Flange

Machinability Assessment of Wire-Edm Using Brass Wire for C-45 Steel Applying Vikor-Ahp

Method of Assessing the Logistics Process as Regards Information Flow Unreliability on the Example of a Container Terminal

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