“…Nickol (2003) suggested that postcyclic transmission might be as important as paratenic transmission in bridging trophic levels in acanthocephalan life cycles. To date, 11 species of acanthocephalans have been successfully transmitted postcyclically in the laboratory (Moore, 1946;Hanth, 1969;Uglem and Beck, 1972;Bozkov, 1980;Farzaliev and Petrochenko, 1980;DeMont and Corkum, 1982;DeBuron and Maillard, 1987;Laissiere and Crompton, 1988;Kennedy, 1999;Rauque et al, 2002;Nickol, 2003;McCormick and Nickol, 2004). As pointed out by Nickol (2003), for postcyclic transmission to be important in the life history of parasites, the transferred worms must survive long enough to attain sexual maturity or sexually mature worms must be transmitted postcyclically.…”