Studies on the hexapod nervous system II. The histology of the thoracic ganglia of the adult cockroach, periplaneta americana (L.)

Pipa, Rudolph L.; Cook, Edwin F.; Richards, A. Glenn

doi:10.1002/cne.901130305

Cited by 75 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The cockroach, Periplaneta americana, nervous system contains three separate ganglia in the thorax, each connected to one pair of walking legs. The morphology of these ganglia has been the subject of several studies (Pipa, Cook, and Richards, 1959;Young, 1969;Iles, 1976), and the anatomy of the mesothoracic ganglion is particularly well described (Gregory, 1974(Gregory, , 1984.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemical localization of sodium channels in an insect central nervous system using a site‐directed antibody

et al. 1993

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Antibodies to channel proteins and specific peptide sequences have been previously used to localize voltage-activated sodium channels in the rat brain. Here we describe the first localization of sodium channels in an insect nervous system using a site-directed antibody. The mesothoracic ganglion of the cockroach was stained with an antibody to the highly conserved SP19 sequence. Antibody labelling was visualized by light microscopy using the avidin/biotin method on wax sections, and transmission electron microscopy of immunogold-labelled thin sections. Central ganglia of insects contain clearly separated regions of cell bodies, synaptic neuropil, axon tracts, and nerves. Antibody staining by light microscopy was limited to neurons, and was intense in axons throughout the ganglion and nerves. Staining was also strong in the cytoplasm, but not the nuclei, of many neuronal cell bodies. Neuropil regions were relatively lightly labelled. These findings can be correlated with the known electrophysiology of the ganglion. Electron microscopy detected sodium channels in areas surrounding axons, probably including axon membranes and enveloping glial cell membranes. Axonal mitochondria were also heavily labelled, suggesting a sodium channel transport function for these organelles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemical localization of sodium channels in an insect central nervous system using a site‐directed antibody

et al. 1993

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“…Here, we combine data on the overall structure of the insect VNC with phylogenetic approaches and recent advances in understanding the costs associated with nervous systems to assess the diversity and evolution of the insect VNC. 70,95,97,99,120,128,136). The position of a neuromere relative to adjacent ones is continuous rather than discrete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Evolution of the Insect Ventral Nerve Cord

Niven

Graham

Burrows

2008

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

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Is the remarkable diversity in the behavior of insects reflected in the organization of their nervous systems? The ventral nerve cords (VNCs) have been described from over 3 00 insect species covering all the major orders. Interpreting these data in the context of phylogenetic relationships reveals remarkable diversity. The presumed ancestral VNC structure is rarely observed; instead the VNCs of most insects show extensive modification and substantial convergence. Modifications include shifts in neuromere positions, their fusion to form composite ganglia, and, potentially, their separation to revert to individual ganglia. These changes appear to be facilitated by the developmental and functional modularity of the VNC, a neuromere for each body segment. The differences in VNC structure emphasize trade-offs between behavioral requirements and the costs incurred while maintaining the nervous system and signaling between its various parts. The diversity in structure also shows that nervous systems may undergo dramatic morphological changes during evolution.

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“…This diffuse bundle (not delineated in the figure) is situated between the more clearly defined ventral intermediate tract (VIT) and ventral median tract (VMT). This nomenclature was originally formulated for cockroach thoracic ganglia (Pipa, Cook, and Richards, 1959;Gregory, 1974) For both the experimental and sham-operated sides, the cycle duration for successive cycles within an episode reveals a pattern very similar to that seen in unoperated mantids; the duration increases until about the sixth cycle at which point an asymptotic level is reached (Fig. 8).…”

Section: Behaviormentioning

confidence: 94%

Interommatidial sensilla of the praying mantis: Their central neural projections and role in head‐cleaning behavior

Zack

Bacon

1981

J. Neurobiol.

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The compound eye of the praying mantis is covered with approximately 600 bristles and campaniform sensilla. Their afferents project to the brain, and to the suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglia. Cutting the eye branch of the dorsal tegumentary nerve (DTN), the peripheral nerve innervating the corneal sensilla, makes it impossible to initiate head grooming by tactile stimulation of the eye. This stimulus is a strong releaser of grooming behavior in normal animals. Head grooming can be initiated, after cutting the eye branch of the DTN, by stimulation of the frons (the operation leaves the sensory innervation of this part of the cuticle intact). Frame-by-frame analysis of films of head grooming after cutting the nerve reveals a reduction of the speed at which the forelimb is brushed across the surface of the head and eye. The significance of this finding is discussed in terms of a putative feedback loop from the corneal sensilla to the motor neurons controlling the grooming movements.

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Studies on the hexapod nervous system II. The histology of the thoracic ganglia of the adult cockroach, periplaneta americana (L.)

Cited by 75 publications

References 17 publications

Immunocytochemical localization of sodium channels in an insect central nervous system using a site‐directed antibody

Immunocytochemical localization of sodium channels in an insect central nervous system using a site‐directed antibody

Diversity and Evolution of the Insect Ventral Nerve Cord

Interommatidial sensilla of the praying mantis: Their central neural projections and role in head‐cleaning behavior

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