Studies on the Development of a New Lead System for Equine Electrocardiography

Holmes, J. R.; Darke, P. G. G.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1970.tb04146.x

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(23 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Many different lead systems for recording electrocardiograms in the horse have been studied by several authors [2,4,7,11,12,13]. Some authors consider the diagnostic value of Einthoven leads in the horse as not very great because the amplitudes of the electrocardiograms obtained with this technique show a wide variation: Dubois [4], Hilwig [10,11], Holmes and Else [13], Lescure [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and amplitude values of the electrocardiogram of Spanish-bred horses of different ages in the Dubois leads system

et al. 2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

-The aim of this work was to record the modifications of the form and amplitude of the electrocardiographic tracings during growth using the Dubois system and to study its sensibility to these physiological changes. This work was carried out on 179 healthy, young and adult Spanish-bred horses (98 females and 81 males). One electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained from each horse using the Dubois leads system. The bifid shape deflection of the P wave was generally more frequent than the simple one in animals at 4 months of age or older. Amplitudes of the P 2 component and of the simple positive wave presented significant differences (p < 0.01) between the age groups studied: animals up to 3 months in age and older than 2 years of age (highest amplitudes), and the rest of the animals (lowest amplitudes). Significant variations (p < 0.05) were found for the QS amplitude between animals of 1 month of age, and all the other groups. The multiple range analysis did not define a clear distribution of age groups for the amplitude of the T wave. It may therefore be concluded, that in the Spanish-bred horse up to 1 month of age, the form and amplitude of the QRS complex in the Dubois leads system differ from those of older animals. Thus, this study shows the sensibility of the Dubois leads system for detecting the electrocardiographic changes related to the growing process in the Spanish-bred horse. In addition, it provides standard values of electrocardiographic parameters in the Spanish-bred horse at different stages of growth. Dubois leads / electrocardiogram / horse / Spanish-bredVet.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and amplitude values of the electrocardiogram of Spanish-bred horses of different ages in the Dubois leads system

et al. 2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The developed lead system where the main leads are arranged in a tetrahedron fashion fulfills the requirements of the modern examination electrocardiographic technique as defined by Holmes and Darke (1970). It makes use of the classical conventional leads by Einthoven which are further complemented by a sufficient amount of other special leads in order to overcome the species and individual ECG variations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The difference stems not only from the different slope of anatomic and electric cardiac axis (Holmes and Darke 1970) but also from a different course of base line and from the distribution of surface electrocardiac potentials (Ch viltal and Hanak 1976). Also the actual activation process of myocardium (Muylle 1975), as well as the course ofrepolarization (Holmes and Rezakhani 1975) in man differ from those in the horse.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Holmes and Darke (1970) the examining ECG technique for horses should be simple but it should work with a sufficient number of leads in order to overcome certain problems connected with an excentric position of heart, nonhomogeneity of the chest environment, irregularities of body surface and other inter-species, interindividual and even intraindividual differences. The classical Einthoven technique as well as other lead systems monitoring the cardiac potentials within only one plane do not fulfill the ideal assumptions of the dipole theory (Sova 1975).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Electrocardiographic Lead System and its Vector Verification

Hanák¹,

Jagos²

1983

Acta Vet. Brno

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hanak J., P. J agos : Electrocardiographic Lead System and its Vector Verification. Acta vet. Brno, 52, 1983: 67-75. An electrocardiographic lead system has been developed using semiequidistant and semidirect leads arranged in a tetrahedron fashion. Out of 18 usually registered leads, three were bipolar limb leads, three were unipolar limb leads, three bipolar chest leads, six unipolar chest lead while three bipolar leads were connecting chest and limbs (CR, CL, CF). Within the tetrahedron the leads were in the horizontal, transversal and two side sagittal planes.The tetrahedron system was verified on 60 thoroughbred horses where it was observed that the atrial vector P, is pointed in a dorsocaudad and left direction from the heart. The vector P 2 is also directed to the left but more dorsally and caudally than the vector Pl. The vector R points caudoventrally from the heart to the left. Other vector of the ventricular complex (Q, Sand T) are reserved with regard to the main vector R. They are directed mainly dorsally and to the left with a small deviation towards cranial (mostly vector Q) or caudal (mostly vector T) direction.The vector examination has shown that the horizontal plane leads represented in the Einthoven arrangement are suitable preferably for following the changes of ECG atrial complex in the horse. On the other hand, the leads from transversal and sagittal planes may be useful for the analysis and interpretation of changes in the ventricular complex (QRS and T). Lead system, EGG, vector, horse.The introduction of ECG as a modern examination method in clinical praxis represents a further progress both in human and veterinary medicine; it was particularly significant for the development of the science of the function of healthy and diseased heart. The application of ECG in veterinary medicine is oriented predominantly to the general indication useful for the diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders in the racing horse. Moreover, it is valuable also for the diagnosis of changes and adaptation of cardiovascular apparatus in the process of training.The electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic interpretation of cardiac changes in the horse is different from that in man. The difference stems not only from the different slope of anatomic and electric cardiac axis (Holmes and Darke 1970) but also from a different course of base line and from the distribution of surface electrocardiac potentials (Ch viltal and Hanak 1976). Also the actual activation process of myocardium (Muylle 1975), as well as the course ofrepolarization (Holmes and Rezakhani 1975) in man differ from those in the horse. Hamlin and Smith (1965) or Muylle (1975) divide domestic animals and man into two categories using the activation mode (depolarization) of ventricles as a criterion: the 1st category includes man, dog, cat and rabbit while the 2nd category which is represented by the horse includes also cattle, sheep and pig (ungulata).The difference in ventricular activation in the horse and other animals of 2nd category c...

show abstract

“…Simply put, the effort required to extract the small amount of information that might be there makes multiple lead systems of limited value in the horse and this despite many heroic attempts (some unpublished) to develop appropriate methodology (Baron et al . ; Holmes and Darke ; Grauerholz ).…”

Section: Limitations In Hoofed Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine electrocardiography revisited

Physick‐Sheard

2016

Equine Veterinary Education

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies on the Development of a New Lead System for Equine Electrocardiography

Cited by 27 publications

References 43 publications

Morphology and amplitude values of the electrocardiogram of Spanish-bred horses of different ages in the Dubois leads system

Morphology and amplitude values of the electrocardiogram of Spanish-bred horses of different ages in the Dubois leads system

Electrocardiographic Lead System and its Vector Verification

Equine electrocardiography revisited

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About