Studies on the cross-inoculation of the Tipula iridescent virus

Smith, Kenneth M.; Hills, G. J.; Rivers, C. F.

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(61)90057-5

Cited by 54 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This is compatible with observations about other iridescent viruses, namely that they are highly infectious when introduced into the hemolymph of insects and that they have a wide host range [1,13,20]. Although only the A. aegypti were examined in detail by electron microscopy (EM), the results of IFAT on head and abdominal squashes of the other insect species suggested that the virus was widely disseminated in all infected individuals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Seven flasks of C 6/36 cell cultures in a confluent monolayer were inoculated with about 10 6.o PFU of"wild type" virus. After absorption for 2 h at 20 °C, growth medium was added to the cell cultures which were subsequently maintained at seven different temperatures (15,20,25,28,30,34, and 37 °C). After incubation for 6 days, the cells were prepared on spot slides and examined by IFAT for the presence of IV 22 antigen [21].…”

Section: Infection Of Insects and Cell Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infectivity and pathogenesis of iridescent virus type 22 in various insect hosts

Tesh

Andreadis

1992

Archives of Virology

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This paper reports the results of a series of laboratory experiments to determine the infectivity and pathogenesis of iridescent virus type 22 (IV 22) for six species of mosquitoes, phlebotomine sand flies and triatomid bugs. Following inoculation, IV 22 replicated in all of the species tested, without producing noticeable mortality within a 14 day observation period. Examination of the infected insects by immunofluorescence demonstrated large amounts of viral antigen in many different organs. Electron microscopy done on infected mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) showed large numbers of virus particles within cells of the fat body, muscle tracheal and midgut epithelium. Virus replication in the mosquitoes was confirmed to host cell cytoplasm and was similar to that described in the natural blackfly (Simulium) host. Transovarial transmission of IV 22 could not be demonstrated in A. aegypti, and only a small percentage of mosquito larvae could be infected orally. Results of these experiments are compatible with observations of other iridescent viruses; IV 22 is highly infectious for a wide range of insects when introduced into their hemolymph, but it is not very infectious per os. These characteristics would appear to limit its value as a potential biocontrol agent for Diptera.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Infection Of Insects and Cell Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectivity and pathogenesis of iridescent virus type 22 in various insect hosts

Tesh

Andreadis

1992

Archives of Virology

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“…The IVs are among the least specific of viruses attacking insects and other arthropods with a high level of cross infectivity being reported between taxa (Smith et al, 1961 ;Glitz et aL, 1968 ;Ohba & Aizawa, 1979). Glitz et al (1968) reported that the IV of S. pruinosa and that originally isolated from Tipula were very similar, although not identical and they demonstrated similar pathogenicity in several other host insects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

An iridescent virus fromPopillia japonica (Col.: Scarabaeidae)

Lacey

Adams²

1994

Entomophaga

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A very low incidence (< 0.01%) of a blue iridovirus (IV) was found in larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, that were sampled over a two year period on Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal). In the most heavily infected larvae, a deep blue iridescence was observed, particularly in the fat body. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the characteristic crystalline arrays of the hexagonal virus particles in the cytoplasm of fat body cells, tracheal matrix, muscle, hypodermis and blood cells. Crystals of the virus particles were also observed freely circulating in the hemolymph. The average diameter of negatively stained purified virus particles was 157 nm. Similarities and differences with other IVs found in the Scarabaeidae are discussed. Considering the broad host range of some of the iridescent viruses, the relatively recent invasion of Terceira by P. japonica, and the rarity of the virus in the beetle, it is probable that the infection was the result of transmission from another species of soil-inhabiting arthropod. Its value as a potential biological control agent of P. japonica is negligible.

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“…The virus reduced the number of pupae by about 50% at both densities, and of those insects that did manage to pupate, only about 50% emerged as adults in the virus treatments compared with 77-89% in the control treatments. Infected insects suffered deformations, rupture of the tegument, and failure to slough the larval epidermis; all characteristic of IIV pathology during pupation (Smith et al, 1961;Carter, 1974). The overall production of adults from virus boxes (19 and 23 from low and high density treatments respectively) was very much reduced compared with that of control boxes (53 and 83 adults respectively), confirming that cannibalism was costly to insect survival in the presence of the pathogen.…”

Section: Experiments 5: Transmission By Cannibalism In the Fieldmentioning

confidence: 93%

Costs of cannibalism in the presence of an iridovirus pathogen ofSpodoptera frugiperda

Williams

Hernández

2006

Ecological Entomology

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Abstract. 1. The costs of cannibalism were examined in larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the presence of conspecifics infected by a lethal invertebrate iridescent virus (IIV). The hypothesis of a positive correlation between insect density and the likelihood of disease transmission by cannibalism was examined in laboratory microcosms and a field experiment.2. Transmission was negligible following peroral infection of early instars with purified virus suspensions or following coprophagy of virus-contaminated faeces excreted by infected insects. In contrast, 92% of the insects that predated infected conspecifics acquired the infection and died prior to adult emergence in the laboratory. Diseased larvae were more likely to be victims of cannibalism than healthy larvae.3. The prevalence of cannibalism was density dependent in laboratory microcosms with a low density (10 healthy insects þ one infected insect) or high density (30 healthy insects þ one infected insect) of insects, and field experiments performed on maize plants infested with one or four healthy insects þ one infected insect.4. Cannibalism in the presence of virus-infected conspecifics was highly costly to S. frugiperda; in all cases, insect survival was reduced by between & 50% (laboratory) and & 30% (field) in the presence of the pathogen. Contrary to expectations, the prevalence of disease was not sensitive to density because cannibalism resulted in self-thinning. As infected individuals are consumed and disappear from the population, the prevalence of disease will be determined by the timescale over which transmission can be achieved, and the rate at which individuals that have acquired an infection become themselves infectious to conspecific predators.

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Studies on the cross-inoculation of the Tipula iridescent virus

Cited by 54 publications

References 4 publications

Infectivity and pathogenesis of iridescent virus type 22 in various insect hosts

Infectivity and pathogenesis of iridescent virus type 22 in various insect hosts

An iridescent virus fromPopillia japonica (Col.: Scarabaeidae)

Costs of cannibalism in the presence of an iridovirus pathogen ofSpodoptera frugiperda

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