Abstract:Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture with over 8700 identified constituents. Smoking causes many diseases including lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the mechanisms of how cigarette smoke impacts disease initiation or progression are not well understood and individual smoke constituents causing these effects are not generally agreed upon. The studies reported here were part of a series of investigations into the contributions of selected smoke constituents t… Show more
“…Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of over than 8,700 substances. Harmful cigarette smoke constituents include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, ammonia, heavy metals, various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes, such as hydroquinone, catechol, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and formaldehyde [30]. Recently, even nicotine, the major psychoactive substance in cigarette smoke, has been called into question in the pathogenesis of smokers sperm alterations with a possible neuroendocrine mechanism [31].…”
Progressive deterioration of male reproductive function is occurring in Western countries. Environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles have been implicated in the decline of testosterone levels and sperm production observed in the last fifty years. Among unhealthy lifestyles, substance and drug abuse is a recognized cause of possible alterations of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Alcohol, opioids and anabolic-androgenic steroids are capable to reduce testosterone production in male interfering with testicular and/or hypothalamic-pituitary function. Other substances such as nicotine, cannabis, and amphetamines alter spermatogenesis inducing oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis in testicular tissue. Substance and drug abuse is a potentially reversible cause of hypogonadism, defined as the failure of the testis to produce physiological concentrations of testosterone and/or a normal number of spermatozoa. The identification of the abuse is important because the withdrawal of substance intake can reverse the clinical syndrome. This review summarizes the most important clinical and experimental evidence on the effect of substance abuse on testosterone and sperm production.
“…Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of over than 8,700 substances. Harmful cigarette smoke constituents include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, ammonia, heavy metals, various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes, such as hydroquinone, catechol, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and formaldehyde [30]. Recently, even nicotine, the major psychoactive substance in cigarette smoke, has been called into question in the pathogenesis of smokers sperm alterations with a possible neuroendocrine mechanism [31].…”
Progressive deterioration of male reproductive function is occurring in Western countries. Environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles have been implicated in the decline of testosterone levels and sperm production observed in the last fifty years. Among unhealthy lifestyles, substance and drug abuse is a recognized cause of possible alterations of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Alcohol, opioids and anabolic-androgenic steroids are capable to reduce testosterone production in male interfering with testicular and/or hypothalamic-pituitary function. Other substances such as nicotine, cannabis, and amphetamines alter spermatogenesis inducing oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis in testicular tissue. Substance and drug abuse is a potentially reversible cause of hypogonadism, defined as the failure of the testis to produce physiological concentrations of testosterone and/or a normal number of spermatozoa. The identification of the abuse is important because the withdrawal of substance intake can reverse the clinical syndrome. This review summarizes the most important clinical and experimental evidence on the effect of substance abuse on testosterone and sperm production.
“…O presente trabalho foi delineado para investigar a toxicidade da HQ sobre o sistema imune, que poderia causar prejuízos nas imunizações ativas, como no caso da vacina da gripe. A fundamentação do mesmo está pautada na menor efetividade da vacinação em fumantes (FINKELA et al, 1971;GODOY et al, 2017;GRUIJIFF et al, 1999;LUGADE et al, 2014;WILSON et al, 2013); na grande quantidade de HQ, bem como de benzeno, em cigarros (STABBERT et al, 2017); na atividade imunossupressora da HQ detectada in vivo (HEBEDA et al, 2012;JAGETIA et al, 2000;MACEDO et al, 2007;RIBEIRO et al, 2011;SHIMADA et al, 2012b) concentração e tempos de exposição foram realizados de acordo com trabalhos prévios do nosso grupo de pesquisa (HELUANY et al, 2018a;HELUANY et al, 2018b;MACEDO et al, 2007;RIBEIRO et al, 2011;SHIMADA et al, 2012a;SHIMADA et al, 2012b). No entanto, o tempo de exposição e concentração de HQ aqui empregados foram muito superiores aos usados anteriormente.…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…No entanto, o tempo de exposição e concentração de HQ aqui empregados foram muito superiores aos usados anteriormente. O maior tempo de exposição foi empregado com base na literatura em estudos de exposição à fumaça de cigarro para avaliação da toxicidade ao sistema imune e pulmonar, que variaram de 4 semanas ou mais de exposição (LIANG et al, 2018;SINZATO et al, 2018;VAZ et al, 2015;ZHOU et al, 2018) SNYDER, 2012;STABBERT et al, 2017). Considerando que a HQ é um dos principais produtos desta metabolização e estudos in vitro e in vivo mostram que a HQ inibe a proliferação de linfócitos, induz apoptose e causa genotoxicidade nas células da medula óssea, tem sido atribuído que a HQ seja o metabólito do BZ responsável pela toxicidade na medula (CHEN et al, 2017;LAU et al, 2009;MILLER et al, 1994;MORAN et al, 1996;RUIZ-RAMOS et al, 2017).…”
Section: Discussionunclassified
“…(IL-5), interleucina 6 (IL-6) e interleucina 21 (IL-21 (CHU et al, 2011;DILOSA et al, 1991;HARGREAVES et al, 2001;MINGES et al, 2002;RODRIGUEZ et al, 2010;ROLDÁN et al, 1992;ROZANSKI et al, 2011). (NGUYEN, 2004;OUYANG et al, 2000;STABBERT et al, 2017;WILSON et al, 2012). Embora a vacinação tenha eficácia comprovada como medida profilática, há relatos na literatura de que a vacinação contra a influenza em fumantes passivos, ativos e ex-fumantes pode estar comprometida (FINKELA et al, 1971;GODOY et al, 2017;GRUIJIFF et al, 1999;LUGADE et al, 2014;WILSON et al, 2013).…”
Section: A Influenza E a Importância Da Imunizaçãounclassified
Efeito da exposição à hidroquinona na resposta imune adaptativa induzida pela vacina contra a influenza André Luis Fabris Versão Corrigida da Dissertação conforme resolução CoPGr 6018 de 13/10/2011 Dissertação para obtenção do Título de Mestre
“…A HQ, bem como o BZ, integram os mais de 8.700 compostos presentes no cigarro, sendo a HQ presente em uma porcentagem elevada, em torno de 10 % de todo material de fase particulada (RODGMAN e PERFETTI, 2013;STABBERT et al, 2017). Monografias da IARC descrevem que um cigarro pode conter até 100 µg de HQ e 72,2 µg de BZ em sua composição.…”
Section: Figura 6: Estrutura Química Da Hidroquinona (Hq)unclassified
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