Studies on the Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Glands

Cannon, W. B.; Querido, A; Britton, S. W.; Bright, Elizabeth M.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1927.79.2.466

Cited by 86 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Eventually walking occured for a short distance. These movements observed in this animal seemed to correspond with pseudoaffective reflexes described by the earlier investigators (2). The animal died of sudden repiratory arrest approximately 120 hrs after the ischemia.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Biochemical and Electrophysiological Aspects of Neuronal Recovery after Prolonged Ischemia of the Cat

Satô

Hossmann

Kobayashi

1971

Neurol. Med. Chir.(Tokyo)

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Complete cerebral ischemia of 30 min duration was produced in normothermic cats by clamping the innominate and the left subclavian arteries and simultaneously lowering the systemic blood pressure. After ischemia the brain were recirculated with blood for periods of 15 to 2 hrs. The suppression and recovery of the neuronal function during and after ischemia were assessed in the sensorimotor cortex by recording the spontaneous EEG and the pyramidal response after stimulation of the cortex; by measuring the concentration of energy metabolites, such as phosphocreatine, adenosine triphosphate, glucose, and lactate, and by measuring the DNP-stimulated ATP-ase activity of isolated mitochondria in the brain. The EEG was suppressed 11 ± 1.4 seconds after the onset of ischemia and the pyramidal response after 240±38 seconds. At the end of ischemia, the enregy rich phosphates were completely exhausted, the glucose content had fallen to 4 % of the control value, and lactate increased 23 fold. The DNP-stimulated ATP-ase activity declined 22% of the control value. The ultrastructural alteration of the sensorimotor cortex was minimum at the end of ischemia.Recovery of the pyramidal response started 3 to 6 min after restoring the blood flow and was completed within 2 hrs; the EEG reappeared after 1 to 2 hrs. The functional recovery was related to the restoration of the energy rich phosphates and glucose-levels and to the simultaneous reduction of the accummulated lactate. Under the potimal conditions, CrP and glucose were normalized within 30 min and lactate was reduced to 127% of the control value within 2 hrs after the end of ischemia. The ATP concentration, and DNP-stimulated ATP-ase activity, however, returned only to 72% and less than 90% respectively, even when spontaneous EEG activity reappeared. The mitochondrial swelling which was observed as one of the structural changes of the sensorimotor cortex taken at this time,

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Biochemical and Electrophysiological Aspects of Neuronal Recovery after Prolonged Ischemia of the Cat

Satô

Hossmann

Kobayashi

1971

Neurol. Med. Chir.(Tokyo)

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“…The sham rage elicitable in decorticate cats and which included tachycardia and pressor effects could be replicated with more localized orbital-insular removal indicating a modulatory effect of these structures on autonomic responses (29,158). Various responses were elicited on stimulation of the anterior insula (AI) including blood pressure changes in the Macaque (338) which were abolished by hypothalamic lesioning, and primarily depressor responses (with occasional pressor responses) in the cat, monkey, and dog (152).…”

Section: Animal and Human Stimulation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Insular Cortex and the Regulation of Cardiac Function

Oppenheimer

Cechetto

2016

Comprehensive Physiology

166

128

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Cortical representation of the heart challenges the orthodox view that cardiac regulation is confined to stereotyped, preprogrammed and rigid responses to exteroceptive or interoceptive environmental stimuli. The insula has been the region most studied in this regard; the results of clinical, experimental, and functional radiological studies show a complex interweave of activity with patterns dynamically varying regarding lateralization and antero-posterior distribution of responsive insular regions. Either acting alone or together with other cortical areas including the anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal, and orbito-frontal cortices as part of a concerted network, the insula can imbue perceptions with autonomic color providing emotional salience, and aiding in learning and behavioral decision choice. In these functions, cardiovascular input and the right anterior insula appear to play an important, if not pivotal role. At a more basic level, the insula gauges cardiovascular responses to exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli, taking into account memory, cognitive, and reflexive constructs thereby ensuring appropriate survival responses and maintaining emotional and physiological homeostasis. When acquired derangements to the insula occur after stroke, during a seizure or from abnormal central processing of interoceptive or exteroceptive environmental cues as in psychiatric disorders, serious consequences can arise including cardiac electrophysiological, structural and contractile dysfunction and sudden cardiac death.

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“…It has long been known that the behavioural and autonomic responses characteristic of flight or attack are integrated by structures in the hypothalamus and nearby mid-brain (Cannon & Britton, 1925;Bard, 1928). The responses appear in acutely decerebrated or decorticated cats without any deliberate stimulus being applied, and have been termed 'sham rage'.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%