Studies on the Composition of the Ruminal Flora and Fauna of Young Calves

Bryant, M. P.; Small, Nola; Bouma, Cecelia; Robinson, I. M.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(58)91160-3

Cited by 159 publications

(92 citation statements)

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“…Only after 45 days of age, microbial functional groups were similar to those of adult goats [14]. This agrees with Bryant et al [12], who reported that the ruminal microbial population between the fi rst and third week of life is different from adult animals. While between 9 and 17 weeks of age, microbial populations are similar to those of adult cattle.…”

Section: Functional Groups Of Rumen Microorganisms According To Age Asupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This coincides with Minato et al [36] and Anderson et al [11] argue that in calves some bacteria colonize the rumen in the fi rst days of life, even before the start of solid food intake. In kids of Brought to you by | MIT Libraries Authenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 5:43 AM both groups, cellulolytic bacteria were recorded from 45 days of age, long time after that reported in lambs [37] and calves [11,12], in which were found during the fi rst week of life. Protozoa were also established at 45 days of age, earlier than observed in calves [11,36], but after than lambs [38].…”

Section: Functional Groups Of Rumen Microorganisms According To Age Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, studies on microbial development of the rumen in young animals are scarce. In addition, there were not found studies assessing the effect of different rearing systems on the establishment and development of rumen microbiota in kid goats.Furthermore, in most studies of ruminal microbiology conducted in adult ruminants, the isolation and counting of microorganism were done from samples of ruminal contents [2,[12][13][14]. The microbial concentration (microorganisms per gram of rumen contents) in those samples is considered representative of the total amount of microorganisms in the rumen (microbial concentration multiplied by weight of rumen contents), because size and contents of the rumen are relatively constant in adult ruminants [15].…”

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Effect of the Rearing System on the Establishment of Different Functional Groups of Microorganism in the Rumen of Kid Goats / Uticaj Sistema Uzgoja Na Uspostavljanje Različitih Funkcionalnih Grupa Mikroorganizama U Buragu Jaradi

et al. 2015

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This study was aimed to determine the effect of the rearing system on the establishment and development of different functional groups of microorganisms in the rumen of kid goats. Fifty kids were fed on goat milk until weaning at 45 (TR, traditional rearing system, n = 25) and 30 days of age (alternative rearing system, AR, n = 25). In addition, only AR group was offered with rumen starter from birth. Both groups consumed alfalfa hay and ground corn between 30 and 90 days of age. Five kids from each group were slaughtered at 21, 30, 45, 70 and 90 days old. It was determined the total number of protozoa, anaerobic, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen. Kids of AR were lighter in weight than TR kids between 42 and 56 days old. In both rearing systems, anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria were found at 21 days of age, while cellulolytic and protozoa were not found until 45 days of age. Kids of AR had higher quantities of anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria until 30 and 45 days of age, respectively. These results demonstrate the rearing system does not affect the sequence and time in which the functional groups of microorganisms are established in the rumen. However, the alternative rearing system with early intake of solid food allowed the establishment of greater amount of bacteria and protozoa. Nevertheless, the effect of weaning on growth rate was more marked in kids from alternative rearing system, despite its greater microbiological rumen development.Key words: kid goats, rearing system, rumen microbiology INTRODUCTIONIn the fi rst weeks of life ruminants depend exclusively on nutrients obtained from milk because the rumen is undeveloped. The establishment of microbiota and beginning of ruminal fermentation triggered rumen development [1]. At birth, the intestinal tract of animals is sterile. The establishment of ruminal microbiota is infl uenced primarily by diet and by contact with other adult ruminants that already have a developedBrought to you by | MIT Libraries Authenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 5:43 AM Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2015, 65 (2), 175-190 176 microbiota [2]. The ruminal ecosystem of an adult animal is composed mainly of anaerobic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa, characterized by high population density and wide diversity [3]. Ruminal bacteria can be classifi ed according to the substrates that they ferment. Thus, bacteria that ferment starch, cellulose and hemicellulose are classifi ed within the group of amylolytic, cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic, respectively [4,5]. Taken together these groups represent the population of total anaerobic rumen bacteria. Diet is one of the main factors that affect the type and proportion of functional groups of bacteria present in the rumen of an adult ruminant. Forage diets stimulate the development of fi brolytic fl ora, while high energy concentrate diets stimulate the growth of amylolytic bacteria [6]. Newborn ruminants have no protozoa in their rumen environment, and it is well known that young ruminants inc...

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Section: Functional Groups Of Rumen Microorganisms According To Age Asupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Functional Groups Of Rumen Microorganisms According To Age Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Rearing System on the Establishment of Different Functional Groups of Microorganism in the Rumen of Kid Goats / Uticaj Sistema Uzgoja Na Uspostavljanje Različitih Funkcionalnih Grupa Mikroorganizama U Buragu Jaradi

et al. 2015

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“…The changes in the structural and physiological properties of the rumen with age are linked to the development of the rumen microorganisms, as their fermentation products are important for the development of the rumen wall villi (Klein et al, 1987;Beharka et al, 1998). Early research into the emergence of microbial communities in the rumen of newborn animals revealed rapid colonization of the rumen by aerobic and facultative anaerobic microbial taxa close to birth, which decreased gradually to a constant level at between 6 and 8 weeks of age, being gradually replaced by exclusively anaerobic taxa (Bryant et al, 1958;Fonty et al, 1987;Minato et al, 1992). Interestingly, bacteria with cellulolytic capabilities appeared in 3-5-day-old animals, becoming abundant in 2-3-week-olds (Fonty et al, 1987;Minato et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the bovine rumen bacterial community from birth to adulthood

et al. 2013

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The mammalian gut microbiota is essential in shaping many of its host's functional attributes. One such microbiota resides in the bovine digestive tract in a compartment termed as the rumen. The rumen microbiota is necessary for the proper physiological development of the rumen and for the animal's ability to digest and convert plant mass into food products, making it highly significant to humans. The establishment of this microbial population and the changes occurring with the host's age are important for understanding this key microbial community. Despite its importance, little information about colonization of the microbial populations in newborn animals, and the gradual changes occurring thereafter, exists. Here, we characterized the overall bovine ruminal bacterial populations of five age groups, from 1-day-old calves to 2-year-old cows. We describe the changes occurring in the rumen ecosystem after birth, reflected by a decline in aerobic and facultative anaerobic taxa and an increase in anaerobic ones. Some rumen bacteria that are essential for mature rumen function could be detected as early as 1 day after birth, long before the rumen is active or even before ingestion of plant material occurs. The diversity and within-group similarity increased with age, suggesting a more diverse but homogeneous and specific mature community, compared with the more heterogeneous and less diverse primary community. In addition, a convergence toward a mature bacterial arrangement with age was observed. These findings have also been reported for human gut microbiota, suggesting that similar forces drive the establishment of gut microbiotas in these two distinct mammalian digestive systems.

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“…Oxford (1955) reported sequential establishment of entodinia before diplodinia before holotrichs. Bryant et al (1958) found, similarly to our results, no proto- [245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258] zoa in three isolated calves during 13 weeks after birth; entodinia were first observed in these animals at 17 weeks of age after the calves were placed in contact with adult cattle and the sequence of establishment of entodinia, diplodinia and holotrichs was the same as reported by Oxford (1955). Naga et al (1969) reported that Entodinium followed by Eudiplodinium were the first two genera to appear in the rumen of buffalo calves where ciliated protozoa were seen earlier than in cow calves in which isotrichs and entodinia occurred almost simultaneously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ruminal Fauna in Calves Raised in Isolation from the Dams

Crha¹,

Holub²

1978

Acta Vet. Brno

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Acta vet. Bmo, 47, 1978: 127-135.Six Slovak Spotted calves raised in isolation form their dams were examined for the presence of rumen protozoa from birth to 29 weeks of age. Entodinia were first observed 19 weeks after the animals had been fed roughage for 8 weeks. Eremoplastron spp. and Epidinium spp. occurred from the 25th week and Eudoplodimum spp. from the 27th week after birth. In three calves left with their dams for 20 days after birth entodinia were observed as early as 13 weeks after birth and epidinia and isotricha were present from the 18th week after birth. Rumen microorganisms, protozoa, Entodiniomorpha, Holotricha.There are conflicting reports as to the time at which protozoa first appear in the rumen of calves but it is, no doubt, rather late after birth. Although they may make their appearance in the first or second week after birth, provided that ruminal pH is higher than 6.0 they were generally demonstrated from the third week after birth (Lengemann and Allen 1959). According to other reports they do not appear until calves are 8 weeks old and then only in 15 per cent of animals (Latteur 1953), or even as late as 16 weeks after birth (Conrad et al. 1958).These discrepancies are not surprising when one reftects that the time at which protozoa possibly with the exception of ftagellates (Eadie 1962), appear in the rumen depends on contact of the calves with older, protozoa-harbouring animals (Strelkov et a1. 1933;Pounden and Hibbs 1950;Bryant et al. 1958;, Borhami et al. 1967.It is therefore conceivable that the methods of rearing particularly under intensive husbandry conditions inftuence faunation of the calves to a considerable extent. Since early establishment of ciliates in the rumen is important to the development and growth of calves, all practices that advance or delay the onset of rumen faunation, thus affecting the progress of transformation of a suckling into a ruminant, are of great importance and may have far-reaching consequences. Material and Methods AnimalsThe experimental animals were Slovak Spotted calves. They were separated from the dams immediately after birth before being licked by the cows. They were transferred first to a calf house where they were given a shower-bath, were brushed and then individually penned in cages bedded with straw. They were fed a milk diet four times a day for the first four days and three times a day for the next 15 days. At 20 days of age they were shifted to granulated alfalfa meal. At one month of age they were changed to clover hay. After being penned in cages up to 11 weeks of age, the animals were transferred to another calf house, about 200 m distant from the previous one, where they were loose-housed. One week later they were transferted to a third calf house, about 200 m distant fromthe previous one, where they were housed about twenty to a pen and fed alfalfa and clover hay ad libitum, received barley-and-maize meal three times a day and were provided with water. Afterwards they were transferted to a fourth calf house, about 800 m distant...

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Studies on the Composition of the Ruminal Flora and Fauna of Young Calves

Cited by 159 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of the Rearing System on the Establishment of Different Functional Groups of Microorganism in the Rumen of Kid Goats / Uticaj Sistema Uzgoja Na Uspostavljanje Različitih Funkcionalnih Grupa Mikroorganizama U Buragu Jaradi

Effect of the Rearing System on the Establishment of Different Functional Groups of Microorganism in the Rumen of Kid Goats / Uticaj Sistema Uzgoja Na Uspostavljanje Različitih Funkcionalnih Grupa Mikroorganizama U Buragu Jaradi

Exploring the bovine rumen bacterial community from birth to adulthood

Ruminal Fauna in Calves Raised in Isolation from the Dams

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