Studies on the Biting Habits and Medical Importance of East African Mosquitos in the GenusAëdes. I.—SubgeneraAëdimorphus, BanksinellaandDunnius

Abstract

The biting behaviour of East African species of Aëdes in the subgenera Aëdimorphus, Banksinella and Dunnius, as shown in numerous series of 24-hr, catches made predominantly in Uganda, is discussed. It is shown that with the single exception of A. (A.) natronius Edw., which is arboreal, all the species encountered have been most prevalent at ground level. They bite mostly by day, but A. cumminsi (Theo.) shows a marked peak of activity from just before to just after sunset, and A. natronius is crepuscular. When, however, samples were obtained in environments less favoured than the forest floor, and in which the mosquito concerned was less abundant, the biting cycle might be altered. Thus various species which were essentially diurnal at ground level in forest might be nocturnal in the canopy or in banana plantations.In some cases there seemed to be a tendency towards a group pattern of behaviour. For example, in the abnormalis (Theo.) and tarsalis (Newst.) groups of Edwards it was found that at least three species showed very similar biting cycles. A fourth species, A. nigricephalus (Theo.), which occurs in Nigeria, is reported there to differ in its biting habits, and is also strikingly different in appearance and in the structure of the terminalia.Members of all three subgenera have been involved in various isolations of virus, but it is not possible to prove that they, rather than other species of Aëdes included in the infected lots, were the vector mosquitos, except in the case of the A. tarsalis group, from which there have been two definite isolations of Rift Valley fever virus, and in that of A. circumluteolus (Theo.), which has been shown by recent work in South and East Africa to be of major importance, well over 20 isolations of virus having been made from this species. So far as is known at present, seven separate viruses and one distinct variant have been isolated from A. circumluteolus, and other members of the subgenus Banksinella also appear to be involved in transmission.

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in rural and urban environments in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Brazil

“…The index was calculated for all the species collected using the CDC traps in rural localities. The Williams' geometric average (Haddow 1960), which reflects the frequency and regularity of the species in the collections, was used to evaluate the activity of the most abundant sandfly species. The Shannon diversity index, which indicates the diversity and frequency of the sandfly species at particular capture sites, and Pielou's evenness index were obtained in accordance with the formulas presented by Service (1993).…”

Mosquito Frequency and Feeding Habits in an Enzootic Canine Dirofilariasis Area in Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

“…The frequency distribution was used to analyze the discrete data, the Z test was used to compare two proportions (Rodrigues 1993) and the Williams' mean to analyze serial data (Williams 1937, Haddow 1954, 1960.…”

Epidemiological study on leishmaniasis in an area of environmental tourism and ecotourism, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, 2006-2007

“…The Williams Geometric Average 9 was used to quantify the frequency and regularity of the most abundant species. The Shannon Index (H) was used to calculate the relationship between the number of species and the number of individuals captured in a determined ecotope and Pielou's Index (J) was used to measure the proportion of the contribution of each species in the community of a given ecotope 8 . The relative frequency of the species was measured by the percentage method.…”