Studies on the biosynthetic pathways of melanin in <i>Auricularia auricula</i>

Ma, Zihui; Liu, Xiaoyan; Liu, Yutong; Chen, Wei; Wang, Chengtao

doi:10.1002/jobm.202100670

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…( 2020 ) demonstrated that they can also be promising sources of eumelanin. More recent research has begun to probe the eumelanin production of phylogenetically diverse macrofungi such as Boletus griseus (Liu et al., 2018 ), Armillaria cepistipes (Ribera et al., 2019 ), and Auricularia auricula (Ma et al., 2022 ). However, this still leaves a significant portion of the fungal kingdom unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects

Beeson

Gabriel

Cornelison

2023

Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

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Melanins represent a diverse collection of pigments with a variety of structures and functions. One class of melanin, eumelanin, is recognizable to most as the source of the dark black color found in cephalopod ink. Sepia officinalis is the most well-known and sought-after source of non-synthetic eumelanin, but its harvest is limited by the availability of cuttlefish, and its extraction from an animal source brings rise to ethical concerns. In recent years, these limitations have become more pressing as more applications for eumelanin are developed—particularly in medicine and electronics. This surge in interest in the applications of eumelanin has also fueled a rise in the interest of alternative, bio-catalyzed production methods. Many culinarily utilized fungi are ideal candidates in this production scheme, as there are examples of which have been shown to produce eumelanin, whose growth at large scales are well-understood, and can be cultivated on recaptured waste streams. However, much of the current research on fungal production of eumelanin focuses on pathogenic fungi and eumelanin's role in virulence. In this paper, we will review the potential for culinary fungi to produce eumelanin, evaluate the economic feasibility of current methods of fungal eumelanin production, and provide suggestions for new research areas that would be most impactful in the search for improved fungal eumelanin producers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects

Beeson

Gabriel

Cornelison

2023

Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

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“…10.3389/fnut.2023.1131542 pigments (8). Currently, natural pigments are primarily found in living organisms, including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria (9).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of natural melanin from Auricularia heimuer fermentation

Zhang²,

Dai³

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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IntroductionNatural melanin from Auricularia heimuer have numerous beneficial biological properties, which were used as a safe and healthy colorant in several industries.MethodsIn this study, single-factor experiments, Box-Behnken design (BBD), and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to investigate the effects of alkali-soluble pH, acid precipitation pH, and microwave time on the extraction yield of Auricularia heimuer melanin (AHM) from fermentation. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze the extracted AHM. The solubility, stability, and antioxidant activities of AHM were also measured.ResultsThe results showed that alkali-soluble pH, acid precipitation pH, and microwave time significantly affected the AHM yield, with the following optimized microwave-assisted extraction conditions: alkali-soluble pH of 12.3, acid precipitation pH of 3.1, and microwave time of 53 min, resulting in an AHM extraction yield of 0.4042%. AHM exhibited a strong absorption at 210 nm, similar to melanin from other sources. FT-IR spectroscopy also revealed that AHM exhibited the three characteristic absorption peaks of natural melanin. The HPLC chromatogram profile of AHM showed a single symmetrical elution peak with a 2.435 min retention time. AHM was highly soluble in alkali solution, insoluble in distilled water and organic solvents, and demonstrated strong DPPH, OH, and ABTS free radical scavenging activities.DiscussionThis study provides technical support to optimize AHM extraction for use in the medical and food industries.

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“…Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a tryptophan-derived molecule with pleiotropic activities. It is ubiquitously present in almost all living organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals ( Ma et al., 2022 ). The biosynthetic pathway of melatonin has been well studied in animals, where tryptophan transforms into melatonin through the catalytic action of four synthesizers: tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine-5-hydroxylase (T5H), arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) ( Reiter, 1991 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of oHIOMT results in various morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular changes in switchgrass

Huang,

Lai,

Liu

et al. 2024

Front. Plant Sci.

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IntroductionMelatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a molecule implicated in multiple biological functions, but exerts contrasting effects on plants owing to concentration differences. Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), which catalyzes the last step of melatonin synthesis, plays a crucial role in this context.MethodsTransgenic switchgrass overexpressing oHIOMT with different melatonin levels displayed distinct morphological changes in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study, we divided the transgenic switchgrass into two groups: melatonin-moderate transgenic (MMT) plants and melatonin-rich transgenic (MRT) plants. To determine the concentration-dependent effect of melatonin on switchgrass growth and stress resistance, we conducted comparative morphological, physiological, omics and molecular analyses between MMT, MRT and wild-type (WT) plants.ResultsWe found that oHIOMT overexpression, with moderate melatonin levels, was crucial in regulating switchgrass growth through changes in cell size rather than cell number. Moderate levels of melatonin were vital in regulating carbon fixation, stomatal development and chlorophyll metabolism. Regarding salt tolerance, melatonin with moderate levels activated numerous defense (e.g. morphological characteristics, anatomical structure, antioxidant enzymatic properties, non-enzymatic capacity and Na+/K+ homeostasis). Additionally, moderate levels of oHIOMT overexpression were sufficient to increase lignin content and alter monolignol compositions with an increase in the S/G lignin ratio.DiscussionTaken together, oHIOMT overexpression in switchgrass with different melatonin levels resulted in morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular changes in a concentration-dependent manner, which characterized by stimulation at low doses and inhibition at high doses. Our study presents new ideas and clues for further research on the mechanisms of the concentration-dependent effect of melatonin.

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Studies on the biosynthetic pathways of melanin in Auricularia auricula

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects

Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects

Extraction, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of natural melanin from Auricularia heimuer fermentation

Overexpression of oHIOMT results in various morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular changes in switchgrass

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