“…Conventional fusion welding techniques, such as gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW), are widely used in joining aluminum alloys due to their versatility and ease of implementation. However, one significant drawback associated with these techniques is the formation of a large HAZ, owing to the high heat inputs, thermal conductivity, low melting point phases, and thermal expansion mismatch of aluminum alloys [ 13 , 14 ]. Moreover, cracks during solidification, porosity in the weld zone, and liquation cracking are among the specific types of defects commonly observed in the fusion welding process of aluminum alloys.…”