Studies on sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate(LAS). III. Distribution and fate of LAS and quaternary ammonium surfactant in the aquatic environment.

Toxic effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, quaternary alkylammonium chloride and their complexes onDunaliellasp. andChlorella pyrenoidos

“…In our previous studies, we reported an analytical method for free and complex forms of LAS using methylene blue colorimetry and HPLC [6,7,39]. In this method, complex LAS, which apparently does not react with methylene blue, was extracted with carbon tetrachloride before it is treated with 1,2‐dichloromethane.…”

“…After passage through a cation exchange column to remove methylene blue and other cationic compounds, the eluates containing free and complexed LAS were determined by HPLC. We reported that the concentrations of free LAS and complex LAS in river water and wastewater were 0.37 to 4.1 mg/L and 0.09 to 0.58 mg/L, respectively, and that the concentration of free LAS was higher than that of the complexed LAS [6,7]. We also reported that the concentrations of free LAS and complexed LAS in river sediment were 0.66 to 120 mg/g and 0.54 to 52 mg/g, respectively, and that the proportion of complexed LAS to free LAS was higher in river sediment than in river water [7].…”

“…Although linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is commonly found in free form in the environment, part of the environmental LAS exists in the form of complexes with CS (LAS‐CS) and various proteins originating from wastewater [3–5]. In previous studies, we quantitatively measured the free and complexed forms of LAS in inflow water for a sewage treatment plant, in river water, and in sediments, and found that the complexes existed in river sediment rather than in inflow water of the sewage treatment system or in river water [6,7]. The toxic effects of surfactants on the aquatic ecosystems, including the effects on algae, zoo plankton, and fish have been reported [8–13].…”

Toxic Effects of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate, Quaternary Alkylammonium Chloride and Their Complexes on Dunaliella Sp. And Chlorella Pyrenoidosa

“…The values found for river water and sediment from Japanese studies were much higher than those reported by Raraport [33], McAvoy [34], and Kimerle because of the lower coverage rate of a municipal wastewater treatment system, which was 49% of the total population served on a national basis in 1995 [38]. Although there are many reports on LAS in receiving freshwater and marine environments, only limited reports are available on LAS complexes and their concentrations [6,7]. The presence of LAS complexes cannot be determined by the methylene blue colorimetric method, because they do not react with methylene blue.…”

“…Although linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is commonly found in free form in the environment, part of the environmental LAS exists in the form of complexes with CS (LAS-CS) and various proteins originating from wastewater [3][4][5]. In previous studies, we quantitatively measured the free and complexed forms of LAS in inflow water for a sewage treatment plant, in river water, and in sediments, and found that the complexes existed in river sediment rather than in inflow water of the sewage treatment system or in river water [6,7]. The toxic effects of surfactants on the aquatic ecosystems, including the effects on algae, zoo plankton, and fish have been reported [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”