Studies on reactogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated bivalent cold recombinant influenza type A (CRA) and inactivated trivalent influenza virus (TI) vaccines in infants and young children

Piedra, Pedro A.; Glezen, W. Paul; Mbawuike, Innocent N.; Gruber, William C.; Baxter, Barbara; Boland, Fiona; Byrd, Richard W.; Fan, Lawrence L.; Lewis, Jessica K.; Rhodes, Linda; Whitney, Stephen; Taber, Larry H.

doi:10.1016/0264-410x(93)90255-v

Cited by 61 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Although prospective studies evaluating efficacy and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in children have been published, 2,3,12-14 relatively limited immunogenicity data are available in children Ͻ2 years of age. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] We have demonstrated previously that the time interval between administration of TIV containing identical antigens does not affect antibody response in toddlers 8 and have also studied the use of springtime priming of toddlers with an inactivated influenza vaccine changed in both the H3N2 and B components. 22 In this study, the immune response in children who received only 1 dose of influenza vaccine the previous year and were reimmunized with 1 dose of a different vaccine was used to evaluate the importance of "priming" young children to various influenza antigens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunization With Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Partially Immunized Toddlers

et al. 2006

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The assessment of immune responses in children after changes in vaccine composition is important, because influenza vaccines change frequently, affecting not only antibody responses in partially immunized toddlers, but potentially immune responses in more fully immunized individuals. In this study, a change in 2 different vaccine antigens enabled us to assess and compare the impact of the original priming antigens after relatively minor changes in 1 antigen (A/H3N2) or after considerable antigenic changes in another vaccine antigen (B). Our subjects demonstrated relatively good responses to the vaccine antigen change characterized by relatively minor changes (A/H3N2). Circulating virus may have primed infants in both groups to antigen more closely related to the 2004 influenza A/H3N2 strain. The high A/H3N2 antibody response to the second dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children who were immunized the previous fall with a different vaccine is consistent with the fact that more children in group 1 were alive during this epidemic and, therefore, were more likely to have experienced priming with natural infection. In contrast, a decreased antibody response to the influenza B antigen was seen in children primed with the earlier 2003 vaccine, suggesting that the major change in B virus lineage in the 2004 vaccine reduced the priming benefit of previous vaccination. Our findings are reminiscent of antibody responses in children seen after immunization with different but novel influenza antigens, such as swine flu vaccine (influenza A/swine/1976/37-like virus). Our results should be taken into account when evaluating new vaccines in young children for novel viruses, such as new pandemic strains of influenza. The need for multiple doses of vaccine to produce potentially protective antibody levels in children needs to be considered, even when vaccine is in short supply.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunization With Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Partially Immunized Toddlers

et al. 2006

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“…[17][18][19][20][21][22] Previous studies have demonstrated that children between 2 and 6 years who do not have detectable HAI antibody levels have lower antibody responses to vaccine, 2 and that antibody responses in young children to influenza B antigens after vaccine 17,23 or wild-type influenza B virus infection 7 can be substantially lower than responses to A antigens. Thus, the low antibody responses seen in infants in both groups to influenza B was not surprising.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of 2 Influenza Vaccine Schedules in 6- to 23-Month-Old Children

et al. 2005

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When the spring and fall influenza vaccines had the same 3 antigenic components, the early vaccine schedule resulted in similar immunogenicity and reactogenicity compared with the standard schedule. When the vaccine components do not change between years, initiating influenza vaccine in the spring at the time of routine office visits would facilitate full immunization of children against influenza earlier in the season.

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“…For example, three studies [17][18][19] reported that an A/H3N2 strain (A/Los Angeles/2/87) may have interfered with an A/H1N1 strain (A/Kawasaki/9/86), whereas two other studies [20,21] reported no interference with the Kawasaki A/ H1N1 strain by the Los Angeles A/H3N2 strain or another A/ H3N2 strain (A/Korea/1/82). Because none of the five studies included a monovalent control group, no valid conclusion could be drawn as to whether viral interference was responsible for the observed antibody responses.…”

Section: Variability In Study Populations and Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective efficacy of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (multivalent, Ann Arbor strain): a literature review addressing interference

Bandell¹,

Woo²,

Coelingh³

2011

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Selecting the B strain for inclusion in a trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine has been difficult because two distinct influenza B lineages frequently co-circulate, prompting consideration of a quadrivalent vaccine containing two A and two B strains. Because interference among wild-type influenza viruses is a well-documented phenomenon and viral replication is required to elicit protection by the licensed live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV; MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), a potential quadrivalent formulation raises considerations of interference among the LAIV strains contained in the vaccine. We reviewed the available clinical and nonclinical literature to understand the potential impact of viral interference on immunogenicity, efficacy and shedding of LAIV strains. We have found no clinically significant evidence of viral or immune interference affecting efficacy of LAIV strains in multivalent vaccine formulations. Future clinical studies should compare the safety and immune responses of children and adults to licensed trivalent and investigational quadrivalent LAIV formulations.

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Studies on reactogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated bivalent cold recombinant influenza type A (CRA) and inactivated trivalent influenza virus (TI) vaccines in infants and young children

Cited by 61 publications

References 21 publications

Immunization With Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Partially Immunized Toddlers

Immunization With Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Partially Immunized Toddlers

A Comparison of 2 Influenza Vaccine Schedules in 6- to 23-Month-Old Children

Protective efficacy of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (multivalent, Ann Arbor strain): a literature review addressing interference

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