Studies on Pre-Ignition Reactions of Hydrocarbon-Based Rocket Fuels Hypergolic with Red Fuming Nitric Acid as Oxidizer

Kulkarni, S. G.; Bagalkote, Vrushali S.

doi:10.1080/07370650903360070

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Hypergolic fuels are mainly used as propellants in rocket engines and simply consist of a fuel and a strong oxidizer that ignite spontaneously upon contact at ambient conditions without external stimuli. Fuels include hydrazine derivatives, heterocyclics, long-chain aliphatics, N-alkyl diamines, aromatics, sugars, ionic liquids, metal-organic frameworks and metal powders (Al, Mg), whereas strong oxidizers include fuming nitric acid HNO 3 , N 2 O 4 , NH 4 ClO 4 , KClO 3 , concentrated H 2 O 2 and Na 2 O 2 to name a few [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. Some criteria for hypergolic fuels are high energy value (25-50 kJ•g −1 [41]), high density (e.g., preferably solid fuels that occupy less space), inexpensiveness, low toxicity and fast ignition upon contact with a strong oxidizer.…”

Section: Carbon Hypergolicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass Waste Carbonization in Piranha Solution: A Route to Hypergolic Carbons?

Chalmpes

Baikousi

Giousis

et al. 2022

Micro

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In the present work we report for the first time the carbonization of biomass waste, such as stale bread and spent coffee, in piranha solution (H2SO4-H2O2) at ambient conditions. Carbonization is fast and exothermic, resulting in the formation of carbon nanosheets at decent yields of 25–35%, depending on the starting material. The structure and morphology of the nanosheets were verified by X-ray diffraction, Raman, X-ray photoelectron and microscopy techniques. Interestingly, the obtained carbon spontaneously ignites upon contact with fuming nitric acid HNO3 at ambient conditions, thus offering a rare example of hypergolicity involving carbon as the solid fuel (i.e., hypergolic carbon). Based on the relatively large interlayer spacing of the as-produced carbons, a simple structural model is proposed for the observed hypergolicity, wherein HNO3 molecules fit in the gallery space of carbon, thus exposing its basal plane and defect sites to a spontaneous reaction with the strong oxidizing agent. This finding may pave the way towards new type hypergolic propellants based on carbon, the latter exclusively obtained by the carbonization of biomass waste in piranha solution.

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Section: Carbon Hypergolicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass Waste Carbonization in Piranha Solution: A Route to Hypergolic Carbons?

Chalmpes

Baikousi

Giousis

et al. 2022

Micro

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“…Furfuryl alcohol is considered an important green chemical that is mainly derived from plant raw material (corncobs, agricultural waste) through simple reaction cascades [ 1 , 2 ]. A notable use of furfuryl alcohol other than in organic chemistry or polymers also pertains to hypergolic rocket propellants and fuels [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. In this latter case, the renewable alcohol (organic fuel) and fuming nitric acid (powerful oxidizer) react immediately and energetically upon contact (i.e., hypergolically) to release heat and gases that promote rocket lift-off (WAC Corporal, Nike Ajax).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocarbon from Rocket Fuel Waste: The Case of Furfuryl Alcohol-Fuming Nitric Acid Hypergolic Pair

et al. 2020

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In hypergolics two substances ignite spontaneously upon contact without external aid. Although the concept mostly applies to rocket fuels and propellants, it is only recently that hypergolics has been recognized from our group as a radically new methodology towards carbon materials synthesis. Comparatively to other preparative methods, hypergolics allows the rapid and spontaneous formation of carbon at ambient conditions in an exothermic manner (e.g., the method releases both carbon and energy at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). In an effort to further build upon the idea of hypergolic synthesis, herein we exploit a classic liquid rocket bipropellant composed of furfuryl alcohol and fuming nitric acid to prepare carbon nanosheets by simply mixing the two reagents at ambient conditions. Furfuryl alcohol served as the carbon source while fuming nitric acid as a strong oxidizer. On ignition the temperature is raised high enough to induce carbonization in a sort of in-situ pyrolytic process. Simultaneously, the released energy was directly converted into useful work, such as heating a liquid to boiling or placing Crookes radiometer into motion. Apart from its value as a new synthesis approach in materials science, carbon from rocket fuel additionally provides a practical way in processing rocket fuel waste or disposed rocket fuels.

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Design and Synthesis of Green Hypergolic Ionic Liquid Fuels

Zhang

2020

High‐Energy‐Density Fuels for Advanced Propulsion

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Studies on Pre-Ignition Reactions of Hydrocarbon-Based Rocket Fuels Hypergolic with Red Fuming Nitric Acid as Oxidizer

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Biomass Waste Carbonization in Piranha Solution: A Route to Hypergolic Carbons?

Biomass Waste Carbonization in Piranha Solution: A Route to Hypergolic Carbons?

Nanocarbon from Rocket Fuel Waste: The Case of Furfuryl Alcohol-Fuming Nitric Acid Hypergolic Pair

Design and Synthesis of Green Hypergolic Ionic Liquid Fuels

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