Studies on polymerization of vinyl acetate using ylide as an initiator and degradative transfer agent

Shukla, Abhishek; Saini, S.; Kumar, P.; P., J. S.; Srivastava, A. K.

doi:10.1002/pola.1989.080270306

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…They act as retarders,8 initiators9 and degradative chain transfer agents10 in the polymerization of vinyl monomers. The application of ylides containing N,10 Sb,11 As9 and S12 in the domain of polymer science is a current topic of interest, with a history of 20 years. However, a search of the literature reveals that phosphorus‐based ylides are rarely13 used in field of polymerization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of imidacloprid residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, fruit juices, and baby foods, and daily intake estimation in and around Lucknow, India

Kapoor¹,

Srivastava²,

Srivastava³

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-A total of 250 samples-including fruits, fruit juices, and baby foods (50 samples each), vegetables (70 samples), and cereals (30 samples)-were collected from Lucknow, India, and analyzed for the presence of imidacloprid residues. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method of extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis were carried out, and imidacloprid residues were qualitatively confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Imidacloprid was not detected in samples of fruit juices and baby foods. It was, however, detected in 38 samples of fruits, vegetables, and cereals, which is about 15.20% of the total samples. Of samples of fruits, 22% showed the presence of imidacloprid, and 2% of samples showed residues above the maximal residue limit. Although imidacloprid was detected in 24% of vegetable samples, only 5.71% showed the presence of imidacloprid above the maximal residue limit. However, 33% of cereal samples showed the presence of imidacloprid, and about 3% of samples were above the maximal residue limit. The calculated estimated daily intake ranged between 0.004 and 0.131 mg/kg body weight, and the hazard indices ranged from 0.007 to 0.218 for these food commodities. It is therefore indicated that lifetime consumption of vegetables, fruits, fruit juices, baby foods, wheat, rice, and pulses may not pose a health hazard for the population of Lucknow because the hazard indices for imidacloprid residues were below one. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:723-727. # 2012 SETAC

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of imidacloprid residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, fruit juices, and baby foods, and daily intake estimation in and around Lucknow, India

Kapoor¹,

Srivastava²,

Srivastava³

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Ylides, i.e., 1,2-dipolar compounds having the general formula C X , where X may be phosphorus, sulphur, arsenicum, antimony and nitrogen, bismuth, etc., have been well established as initiators [10], retarders [11] and degredative chain-transfer agents [12] in polymerization of different vinyl monomers yielding homo-, co-and terpolymer, but the application of ylides as novel radical initiator for synthesis of IPNs is still scarce [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terpene-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks initiated by p-nitrobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium ylide: synthesis and characterization

Prajapati¹,

Varshney²

2006

Designed Monomers and Polymers

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A series of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on poly(α-terpineol-costyrene) and ethylacrylate cross-linked with divinyl benzene have been synthesized at 80 • C for 80 min in dioxane, initiated by p-nitrobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium ylide, under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum attributes structural evidences for IPNs, indicating characteristic frequencies of the ester group of ethyl acrylate at 1727 cm −1 and alcoholic group of α-terpineol at 3390 cm −1 . The percentage swelling and average molecular weight between crosslinks (m c ) are a direct function of α-terpineol-co-styrene and p-nitrobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium ylide and inverse function of ethyl acrylate and divinylbenzene. The semi-IPN system is confirmed by two T g values from the differential scanning calorimetry scan at 15 and 59 • C. SEM micrographs show phase separation. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve shows the IPN to be thermally stable. From the TGA curve the activation energy is calculated using the Coats and Redfern equation to be 23 kJ/mol.

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“…They are important intermediate27 in organic synthesis and also have some useful practical applications, e.g., as polymerization catalyst 28. Ylides are very versatile in their behavior; they act as retarders,29 initiators,30 and degradative chain transfer agents31 in the polymerization of vinyl monomers. The application of ylides containing N,32 P,33 Sb,34 As,35 Bi,36 and S37 in the domain of polymer science is a current topic of interest with a recent history of 25 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diphenylselenonium 2,3,4,5‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide‐initiated polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile: Synthesis, characterization, reactivity ratios, and thermal properties

Singh

Kamal

Singh

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Solution copolymerization of styrene (Sty) and acrylonitrile (AN) was carried out in dioxane at 60 ± 1°C for 90 min using diphenylselenonium 2,3,4,5‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide (selenonium ylide) as radical initiator. The kinetic expression is as follows: Rp ∼ [Ylide]0.5 [Sty]1.0 [AN]1.0. The overall activation energy is 28.72 kJ mol−1. The composition of copolymer calculated from 1H‐NMR and elemental analysis was used to evaluate reactivity ratio as r1 (Sty) = 0.351 and r2 (AN) = 0.0185, using kelen‐Tudos method. It confirmed the alternating nature of the copolymer. The copolymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the phenyl radical responsible for initiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

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Studies on polymerization of vinyl acetate using ylide as an initiator and degradative transfer agent

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Analysis of imidacloprid residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, fruit juices, and baby foods, and daily intake estimation in and around Lucknow, India

Analysis of imidacloprid residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, fruit juices, and baby foods, and daily intake estimation in and around Lucknow, India

Terpene-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks initiated by p-nitrobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium ylide: synthesis and characterization

Diphenylselenonium 2,3,4,5‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide‐initiated polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile: Synthesis, characterization, reactivity ratios, and thermal properties

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