Studies on Octylphenoxy Surfactants: V. Toxicity to Cowpea Leaves and Effects of Spray Application Parameters

Lownds, Norman K.; Bukovac, Martin J.

doi:10.21273/jashs.113.2.205

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Treatment procedure. Intact primary leaves of 10-day-old cowpea, grown as described by Lownds and Bukovac (1988) were selected for uniformity and freedom from defects and treated with nonionic (Tween 20, Triton X-405, Triton X-100, and Ortho X-77), anionic (Dupanol ME and Aerosol OT), or cationic (Arquad 2C-75 and Arquad C-50) surfactants at 0.1%. Each treatment was applied 2.5 to 3.5 hr after the beginning of the light period as 20 drops (5 jxl each) to the adaxial or abaxial surface (avoiding major veins) using a microsyringe fitted with an automatic dispenser.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Corn, wheat, and soybean were grown under conditions described for cowpea (Lownds and Bukovac, 1988). Triton X-100 (1.0%) was applied as 20 drops (1 jxl each) to each of 10 wheat (first leaf, adaxial surface, 8 days post-emergence), corn (first leaf, adaxial surface, 8 days postemergence), and soybean (first trifoliate leaf, adaxial surface, 10 days post-emergence) leaves.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phytotoxicity ratings. Treated leaves in each experiment were visually assigned a phytotoxicity rating of 1 to 5, based on degree of tissue discoloration and/or necrosis (Lownds and Bukovac, 1988) at the time of excision for ethylene determination.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surfactant-induced Ethylene Production by Leaf Tissue

Lownds

Bukovac

1989

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Ethylene evolution induced by nonionic (Triton X-100, Triton X-405, Tween 20, Ortho X-77 and Regulaid), anionic (Aerosol OT and Dupanol ME), and cationic (Arquad C-50 and Arquad 2C-75) surfactants was characterized using cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. supsb. unguiculata ‘Dixielee’] seedlings. Representative surfactants of each ionogenic class induced ethylene evolution. Time course studies revealed an increased rate of ethylene evolution during the first 6 to 12 hr after treatment, followed by a slow decrease for the next 12 to 36 hr, and a return to control levels within 48 hr. Ethylene production induced by Triton X-100 increased with increasing concentration, while Tween 20 did not induce ethylene at concentrations up to 1.0%. Surfactants that promoted ethylene evolution also generally induced visible phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity symptoms increased with increasing time after treatment. Surfactant-induced ethylene production and phytotoxicity were observed with corn (Zea mays L. ‘B73 × MO17’), wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Hillsdale’), soybean (Glycine max Merr. ‘McCall’), apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Golden Delicious’), and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. ‘Montmorency’). Tween 20, nonactive on cowpea, induced ethylene and phytotoxicity when applied to the abaxial surface of sour cherry leaves. Chemical names used: octyl-phenoxypoly(ethoxy)ethanol (Triton X-100 and X-405), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), alkylaryl polyoxyethylene glycols/free fatty acids/isopropanol (Ortho X-77), polyoxyethylenepolypropoxypropanol alkyl 2-ethoxyethanol/dihydroxy-propane (Regulaid), diocytl sodium sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT), sodium lauryl sulfate (Dupanol ME), monococo trimethyl ammonium chloride (Arquad C-50), dicoco dimethyl ammonium chloride (Arquad 2C-75).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surfactant-induced Ethylene Production by Leaf Tissue

Lownds

Bukovac

1989

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Cuticular penetration of foliar‐applied diflufenican in Galium aparine L.

Knight

Kirkwood

1991

Pestic. Sci.

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The herbicide diflufenican is an effective pre‐emergence compound used for the control of ‘difficult’ dicotyledonous weeds in winter cereals. It is less efficient when applied post‐emergence, activity being found to depend on the dose reaching the apical meristems. Contact with diflufenican had no significant effect on other parts of the plant and translocation was negligible. In the absence of surfactants, the uptake of diflufenican was minimal and complete approximately 2h after treatment. Surfactant incorporation increased the time over which uptake occurred, efficiency depending on surfactant type and lipophilicity. ‘Silwet L‐77’ (1.0 g litre−1) was the only surfactant tested which caused sufficient damage to the apex to prevent subsequent recovery of the plant. The effect of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (<1.0 g litre−1) appeared to be partly attributable to leaf damage caused by the surfactant, possibly facilitating uptake. Increasing leaf coverage by surfactants did not necessarily improve uptake and activity.

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Development of a predictive uptake model to rationalise selection of polyoxyethylene surfactant adjuvants for foliage‐applied agrochemicals

et al. 1993

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Composition‐concentration relationships between a series of C13/C14 polyoxyethylene primary alcohol (AE) surfactants and the foliar uptake enhancement of five model neutral organic compounds were examined in factorially designed experiments on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean (Vicia faba L.) plants grown under controlled environment conditions. Model compounds were applied to leaves as c.0.2‐μl droplets of 0.5 g litre−1 solutions in aqueous acetone in the absence or presence of surfactants at 0.2, 1 and 5g litre−1. Uptake of the highly water‐soluble compound, methylglucose (log octanol‐water partition coefficient (P) = ‐ 3.0) was best enhanced by surfactants with high E (ethylene oxide) contents (AE15, AE20), whereas those of the lipophilic compounds, WL110547 (log P = 3.5) and permethrin (log P = 6.5), were increased more by surfactants of lower E contents, especially AE6. However, there was little difference between AE6, AE11, AE15 and AE20 in their ability to promote uptake of the two model compounds of intermediate polarity, phenylurea (log P = 0.8) and cyanazine (log P = 2.1). Absolute amounts of compound uptake were also influenced strongly by both surfactant concentration and plant species. Greatest amounts of uptake enhancement were often observed at high surfactant concentration (5 g litre−1) and on the waxy wheat leaves compared with the less waxy field bean leaves. The latter needed higher surfactant thresholds to produce significant improvements in uptake. Data from our experiments were used to construct a simple response surface model relating uptake enhancement to the E content of the surfactant added and to the physicochemical properties of the compound to be taken up. Qualitative predictions from this model might be useful in rationalising the design of agrochemical formulations.

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Studies on Octylphenoxy Surfactants: V. Toxicity to Cowpea Leaves and Effects of Spray Application Parameters

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Surfactant-induced Ethylene Production by Leaf Tissue

Surfactant-induced Ethylene Production by Leaf Tissue

Cuticular penetration of foliar‐applied diflufenican in Galium aparine L.

Development of a predictive uptake model to rationalise selection of polyoxyethylene surfactant adjuvants for foliage‐applied agrochemicals

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