Studies on Lymphocytes. I. Lymphopenia Produced by Prolonged Extracorporeal Irradiation of Circulating Blood

Cronkite, Eugene P.; Jansen, C. R.; Mather, George C.; Nielsen, Niels O.; Usenik, E. A.; Adamik, Emil R.; Sipe, C. R.

doi:10.1182/blood.v20.2.203.203

Cited by 78 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The existence of large numbers of circulating lymphocytes in normal animals after the injection of pertussis vaccine makes it possible to assess accurately the effect of various agents on these cells., Thus it is well known that at sufficiently high dosages, X-irradiation is cytotoxic for small lymphocytes within the circulation (6,9). The studies reported herein clearly showed the rapid and dramatic effect of X-irradiation on the morphology, viability, and numbers of circulating small lymphocytes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

The Effect of Hydrocortisone and X-Irradiation on the Lymphocytosis Induced by Bordetella Pertussis

Morse

1966

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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1. In mice rendered lymphocytopenic by X-irradiation or hydrocortisone acetate, pertussis vaccine evoked both lymphocytosis and polymorphonuclear leukocytosis. 2. When mice with lymphocytosis induced by pertussis vaccine were X-irradiated, prompt and extensive destruction of circulating as well as tissue small lymphocytes occurred. The devitalized circulating cells were cleared from the blood primarily by the Kupffer's cells of the hepatic sinusoids. 3. Hydrocortisone acetate administered to mice with lymphocytosis did not cause acute lymphopenia nor was there any evidence of destruction of circulating small lymphocytes. However, destruction of these cells within lymphoid tissues was apparent. These observations suggested that adrenal cortical hormones are not "lymphocytolytic" with respect to circulating lymphocytes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

The Effect of Hydrocortisone and X-Irradiation on the Lymphocytosis Induced by Bordetella Pertussis

Morse

1966

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…reported a 60% drop in the peripheral ALC after extracorporeal irradiation of the circulating blood in calves. 38 Subsequent studies demonstrated immunosuppression that was sufficient to permit skin allograft acceptance in calves after extracorporeal blood irradiation alone. 39 In the late 1970s, attempts were made to translate these findings into humans.…”

Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Field size effects on the risk and severity of treatment-induced lymphopenia in patients undergoing radiation therapy for solid tumors

Ellsworth

2018

Advances in Radiation Oncology

135

109

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PurposeRadiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) is the result of direct toxicity to circulating lymphocytes as they traverse the irradiated field, occurs in 40% to 70% of patients who undergo conventional external beam radiation therapy, and is associated with worse outcomes in multiple solid tumors. As immunotherapy strategies evolve, a better understanding of radiation's effects on the immune system is needed in order to develop rational methods of combining RT with immunotherapy.Methods and materialsThis paper is a review of the available literature on the clinical significance and dosimetric predictors of radiation-induced toxicity to the immune system.ResultsAn association between severe RIL and inferior survival has been described in multiple solid tumors, including glioma, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. RIL risk is correlated with field size, dose per fraction, and fraction number. SBRT and proton therapy techniques are associated with lower RIL risk.ConclusionsThe immune system should be considered an organ at risk during RT, and absolute lymphocyte count is an important biomarker of RT-induced immunotoxicity. Radiation dose and technique affect the risk and severity of RIL. Further research is needed to accurately characterize RT-induced immunotoxicity and develop strategies to prevent or mitigate this clinically significant side effect.

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“…It was not until the late 1950s that a better understanding of lymphocyte function and life span emerged leading to the development of procedures to deplete the body of lymphocytes to study lymphocyte kinetics and ultimately treat disease ( 2). While at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, Eugene Cronkite, M.D., performed the initial lymphocyte depleting experiments on calves in the early 1960s using an extracorporeal venovenous shunt to expose whole blood to gamma rays generated by a 60 Cobalt irradiator ( 3). Extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB) was based on the difference between the radiosensitivity of the lymphocytes and the radioresistance of the erythrocytes ( 4).…”

Section: Historical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The North American Experience with Photopheresis

Zic

Miller

Stricklin

et al. 1999

Therapeutic Apheresis

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Studies on Lymphocytes. I. Lymphopenia Produced by Prolonged Extracorporeal Irradiation of Circulating Blood

Abstract: 1. A method for extracorporeal irradiation of the circulating blood has been developed. 2. Extracorporeal irradiation of the blood will produce a lymphopenia promptly which persists for weeks. 3. Heparin in high doses in the calf produces a lymphocytosis and neutrophilic leukocytosis.

Cited by 78 publications

References 4 publications

The Effect of Hydrocortisone and X-Irradiation on the Lymphocytosis Induced by Bordetella Pertussis

The Effect of Hydrocortisone and X-Irradiation on the Lymphocytosis Induced by Bordetella Pertussis

Field size effects on the risk and severity of treatment-induced lymphopenia in patients undergoing radiation therapy for solid tumors

The North American Experience with Photopheresis

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