Salinity stress occurs when salt concentration in the environment changes rapidly, for example because of tidal water flow, rainstorms, drought, or evaporation from small bodies of water. However, gradual changes in salt concentration can also cause osmotic stress in aquatic habitats if levels breach thresholds that reduce the fitness of resident This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as