Studies on leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Ha, Wilkins

doi:10.1080/00034983.1972.11686847

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…32,33 Most of the infected individuals from endemic areas have low knowledge about the transmission methods of CL and its risk factors. In addition, they do not know that the sand fly transmits the disease as reviewed by Aldosti et al 34 In some fragmented studies conducted in Ethiopia, it is considered as the disease of highlands, 12,18,29,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] and rock hyraxes are a common reservoir maintaining the causative parasite. 12,18,29,[35][36][37][38][39]41,42 In this review, the pooled prevalence of CL in Ethiopia was 20.40% with 95% CI (15.67-25.13%): It reveals that the prevalence of CL among the population is about 20%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2022

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Introduction Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Ethiopia.About 30 million people are at risk, and there are 20,000 to 50,000 new cases annually. It is maintained by rock hyraxes and Phlebotomus sand flies. Different studies showed the presence and risk factors of CL. However, there is no study on the pooled prevalence and risk factors. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence and risk factors of CL in Ethiopia. Method We retrieved published articles from different databases. The review was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis was done with Stata software version 14. The forest plot with random-effect model and inverse variance index was used to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval and heterogeneity of articles, respectively.Results A total of 99,226 people from 19 studies were screened. The overall pooled prevalence of CL was 20.4% with 95% CI (15.67-25.13%). The pooled prevalence is a weighted average of results of the included 19 studies. Highest pooled prevalence, 65.39% (95% CI: 61.14-69.47%), was in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR), and the lowest was 1.53% (95% CI: 1.43-1.63%) in Amhara Region. Children were the most affected age group. Living in a home close to farmlands, outdoor sleeping behavior, the presence of gorge, hyrax, cracked walls, animal dung, and other cases in the neighborhood were identified as risk factors for CL. ConclusionThere is high burden of CL in Ethiopia. Larger surveys are required. Health education on the prevention and control strategies shall be implemented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, they do not know that the sand fly transmits the disease as reviewed by Aldosti et al 34 . In some fragmented studies conducted in Ethiopia, it is considered as the disease of highlands, 12,18,29,35–45 and rock hyraxes are a common reservoir maintaining the causative parasite 12,18,29,35–39,41,42 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2022

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Diversity and altitudinal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of northwest Ethiopia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe Leishmaniases are caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and are transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases are widely distributed in different parts of Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and altitudinal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies from Kafta Humera to Gondar town in northwest Ethiopia.MethodsSeven localities were selected with distinct altitudinal variations between 550 m above sea level (m a.s.l) and 2300 m a.s.l. In each locality, sand flies were collected using standard CDC light traps and sticky traps during the active sand fly season from December 2012 to May 2013. Shannon-Weiner species diversity index and Jaccard’s coefficient were used to estimate species diversity and similarity between altitudes and localities, respectively.ResultsA total of 89,044 sand flies (41,798 males and 47, 246 females) were collected from the seven localities/towns throughout the study period. Twenty-two species belonging to 11 species in the genus Phlebotomus and 11 species in the genus Sergentomyia were documented. Of these, Sergentomyia clydei (25.87%), S. schwetzi (25.21%), S. africana (24.65%), S. bedfordi (8.89%), Phlebotomus orientalis (6.43%), and S. antennata (4.8%) were the most prevalent species. The remaining 10 Phlebotomus species and six Sergentomyia were less frequent catches. In CDC light trap and sticky trap, higher species diversity and richness for both male and female sand flies was observed at low altitude ranging from 550 to 699 m a.s.l in Adebay village in Kafta Humera district whereas low species richness and high evenness of both sexes were also observed in an altitude 1950–2300 m a.s.l.ConclusionThe results revealed that the presence of leishmaniasis vectors such as P. orientalis, P. longipes, P. papatasi, and P. duboscqi in different altitudes in northwest Ethiopia. P. orientalis a vector of L. donovani, occurred between altitude 500–1100 m a.s.l, the area could be at high risk of VL. P. longipes a vector of L. aethiopica, was recorded in the highland area in Tikil-Dingay and Gondar town, implicating the possibility of CL transmission. Hence, further investigation into vector competence in relation to leishmaniasis (VL and CL) in the region is very vital.

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania aethiopica

et al. 2018

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Leishmania aethiopica is the main causative species for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ethiopia. Despite its considerable burden, L. aethiopica has been one of the most neglected Leishmania species. In this review, published evidence on L. aethiopica history, geography, vector, reservoir, epidemiology, parasitology, and immunology is discussed and knowledge gaps are outlined. L. aethiopica endemic regions are limited to the highland areas, although nationwide studies on CL prevalence are lacking. Phlebotomus pedifer and P. longipes are the sandfly vectors and hyraxes are considered to be the main reservoir, but the role of other sandfly species and other potential reservoirs requires further investigation. Where and how transmission occurs exactly are also still unknown. Most CL patients in Ethiopia are children and young adults. Lesions are most commonly on the face, in contrast to CL caused by other Leishmania species which may more frequently affect other body parts. CL lesions caused by L. aethiopica seem atypical and more severe in their presentation as compared to other Leishmania species. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis are relatively common, and healing of lesions caused by L. aethiopica seems to take longer than that of other species. A thorough documentation of the natural evolution of L. aethiopica as well as in depth studies into the immunological and parasitological characteristics that underpin the atypical and severe clinical presentation are needed. Better understanding of CL caused by this parasite species will contribute to interventions related to transmission, prevention, and treatment.

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Studies on leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Diversity and altitudinal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of northwest Ethiopia

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania aethiopica

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