Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. I. An Epidemiologic, Clinical and Serologic Investigation of an Intrahospital Epidemic, With a Note on Vaccination Efficacy*

Blumenfeld, Herbert L.; Kilbourne, Edwin D.; Louria, Donald B.; Rogers, David E.

doi:10.1172/jci103789

Cited by 72 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Pathologic evidence of encephalitis was not found in four brains examined at autopsy. 5. A review of recent and earlier literature on pulmonary complications of influenza supports conclusions derived from the present study that: a) Influenza virus infection per se may induce pneumonia in the absence of other microbial pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Subsequent convalescent sera were obtained on one or more occasions 7 to 35 days later on patients who survived their illness. Sera were tested for the presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting and/or complement fixing antibody to the Asian strain of influenza A virus by techniques detailed in the preceding paper (5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The definitive answer to the second question must await analysis of data from the present pandemic, but preliminary evidence suggests that pandemic influenza does not differ clinically from the epidemic disease (5,6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. Ii. Pulmonary Complications of Influenza*†

Louria¹,

Blumenfeld²,

Ellis³

et al. 1959

J. Clin. Invest.

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442

247

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. Ii. Pulmonary Complications of Influenza*†

Louria¹,

Blumenfeld²,

Ellis³

et al. 1959

J. Clin. Invest.

Self Cite

442

247

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“…Unfortunately, there are very few experimental studies of human-to-human transmission; besides, existing studies are inconclusive and predate the discovery of the influenza virus [32,46,47]. Indirect evidence for influenza transmission between humans can nevertheless be found in observational studies in close contact settings, such as aeroplanes, hospitals, households, schools, and day-care centres [48][49][50][51][52][53]. In particular, influenza transmission is more intense in the household than in the community [51,54], while clinical trials have shown that treating index cases with antivirals reduces secondary transmission to household members [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control

2007

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SUMMARYRecurrent epidemics of influenza are observed seasonally around the world with considerable health and economic consequences. A key quantity for the control of infectious diseases is the reproduction number, which measures the transmissibility of a pathogen and determines the magnitude of public health interventions necessary to control epidemics. Here we applied a simple epidemic model to weekly indicators of influenza mortality to estimate the reproduction numbers of seasonal influenza epidemics spanning three decades in the United States, France, and Australia. We found similar distributions of reproduction number estimates in the three countries, with mean value 1.3 and important year-to-year variability (range 0.9-2.1). Estimates derived from two different mortality indicators (pneumonia and influenza excess deaths and influenza-specific deaths) were in close agreement for the United States (correlation = 0.61, P < 0.001) and France (correlation = 0.79, P < 0.001), but not Australia. Interestingly, high prevalence of A/H3N2 influenza viruses was associated with high transmission seasons (P = 0.006), while B viruses were more prevalent in low transmission seasons (P = 0.004). The current vaccination strategy targeted at people at highest risk of severe disease outcome is suboptimal because current vaccines are poorly immunogenic in these population groups. Our results suggest that interrupting transmission of seasonal influenza would require a relatively high vaccination coverage (> 60 %) in healthy individuals who respond well to vaccine, in addition to periodic re-vaccination due to evolving viral antigens and waning population immunity.

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“…Evidence from epidemiological studies and experimental infection of human volunteers suggests that influenza virus infection of humans can occur by inhalation of aerosols (8,9). However, evidence in support of large droplet or contact transmission has also been reported (10,11), and the relative contribution of each mode to the spread between humans is unknown. The paucity of information regarding influenza virus transmission can be attributed in part to the lack of a convenient animal model for the investigation of this topic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The guinea pig as a transmission model for human influenza viruses

Lowen

Mubareka

Tumpey

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

314

336

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The severity of epidemic and pandemic influenza outbreaks is dictated in part by the efficiency with which the causative strain transmits between human hosts. The mechanisms underlying influenza virus spread are poorly understood, in part because of the lack of a convenient animal model to study this phenomenon. Indeed, despite extremely efficient transmission among humans and virulence in the mouse model, we have shown that even the 1918 pandemic influenza virus does not transmit between mice. We therefore evaluated the guinea pig as a model mammalian host for influenza virus. Using the recent human isolate A͞Panama͞ 2007͞99 (Pan͞99) (H3N2) virus, we found that guinea pigs were highly susceptible to infection with the unadapted virus (ID 50 ‫؍‬ 5 plaque-forming units). Pan͞99 virus grew to high titers in the upper respiratory tract and was shed in nasal washings of infected animals. Moreover, influenza virus was transmitted from infected guinea pigs to noninfected guinea pigs housed in the same cage, an adjacent cage, and a cage placed 91 cm away. Our results demonstrate that influenza virus can pass between guinea pigs by means of droplet spread and thereby establish the suitability of the guinea pig as a model host for influenza virus transmission studies.avian influenza virus ͉ contact spread ͉ droplet spread ͉ pandemic ͉ sentinel

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Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. I. An Epidemiologic, Clinical and Serologic Investigation of an Intrahospital Epidemic, With a Note on Vaccination Efficacy*

Cited by 72 publications

References 12 publications

Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. Ii. Pulmonary Complications of Influenza*†

Studies on Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958. Ii. Pulmonary Complications of Influenza*†

Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control

The guinea pig as a transmission model for human influenza viruses

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