Studies on Inactivated Influenza Vaccines

Mostow, Steven R.; Schoenbaum, Stephen C.; Dowdle, Walter R.; Coleman, Marion T.; Kaye, Harold S.; Hierholzer, John C.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121204

Cited by 43 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Such responses in humans following zonal centrifuged vaccines are reported in the study of Mostow et al (1970). In our study, heterologous antibody responses to previously encountered Influenza A and interrelated B strains were demonstrated following subunit TNBP vaccine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…They also showed geometric mean titres which increased with the increments in dosage. Mostow et al (1970) in a separate study observed erythema of greater than 5 cm and induration of at least 2 cm in over 40°/ of vaccinees from 4800 CCA units of a zonal centrifuged Influenza A2 vaccine given subcutaneously. A dose-response curve was demonstrated for HI serum antibody showing the highest titres following maximum CCA unit dosages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The failure of the TNBP vaccine in standard dosage to induce neutralizing activity in the nasal washings was disappointing. Previous observations using standard vaccine have given varied results (Phillips et al, 1970;Mostow et al, 1970;Fulk et al, 1969). Intranasal administration of inactivated vaccine can sometimes elicit nasal antibody, but the production of local immunity of the respiratory tract is one of the potential advantages of live virus vaccines under development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new subunit influenza vaccine: acceptability compared with standard vaccines and antigenicity in increasing dosageTaken from an article originally published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (1972) 125, 656.

Ruben

Jackson

1973

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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Summary Subunit influenza vaccines have the advantage of purity and a broad dosage range. Clinical studies were done with a new subunit vaccine produced by detergent fractionation with tri-(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP). Acceptability by the recipients was compared in volunteers given 400 CCA units of A2 and 300 of B Influenza vaccine as either Sharples, zonal centrifuged, ether subunit, or TNBP subunit bivalent vaccines. When given subcutaneously, subunit vaccine caused only slightly less pain and erythema induration than zonal or Sharples vaccine. Compared with the i.m. route, the same vaccine given subcutaneously produced twice the local pain and eight times the erythema induration. Fever was infrequent and low grade by either route. HI antibody rises were good in all groups. Increasing dosages of TNBP vaccine up to 6400 CCA units of A2 and 4800 of B given i.m. as monovalent vaccine, produced no local and few febrile responses. An augmentation of the antibody titre occurred with the highest CCA unit dosages. Subunit vaccine given i.m. permitted administration of high CCA unit dosage beyond that accepted for standard vaccine without any increase in local reactions and with a measurable increase in antibody production and the induction of antibodies against related heterologous strains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new subunit influenza vaccine: acceptability compared with standard vaccines and antigenicity in increasing dosageTaken from an article originally published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (1972) 125, 656.

Ruben

Jackson

1973

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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“…There is a low incidence of fever reactions after first vaccinations (4-10% with slight variations depending on the vaccine lot used), which is at least as good as results reported on purified inactivated influenza whole-virus vaccines [Mostow et al, 1973;Kunz et al, 19771 and almost reaches values reported for the excellently tolerated split or subunit influenza vaccines [Kunz et al, 19771. Side reactions were clearly dose-dependent and more frequent in children than in adults.…”

Section: 7mentioning

confidence: 67%

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a highly purified vaccine against tick‐borne encephalitis

Künz

Heinz

Hofmann

1980

Journal of Medical Virology

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a vaccine containing inactivated tick-borne encephalitis virus prepared by continuous flow zonal ultracentrifugation were compared with those of a previously used, less purified vaccine. Antibody response as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 93% after two vaccinations and 100% after a third dose. The zonally purified vaccine impressively reduced the incidence of side reactions. Pyrexia (greater than 37.3 degrees C) was recorded in only 4--10% of the vaccinees almost exclusively after first vaccinations compared to 17--68% with the old type of vaccine. When these results are evaluated according to criteria commonly used in the United States (ie, pyrexia greater than 100 degrees F = 37.8 degrees C), almost no fewer would be recorded. The frequency of systemic side reactions was even lower (statistically significant) after second and third vaccination. This highly purified vaccine therefore represents an effective and well-tolerated means for the immunoprophylaxis of TBE.

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“…A dose of 15 μg of HA is generally sufficient to induce an acceptable level of antibody in adults who were previously exposed to an influenza virus within the same subtype. In contrast, higher doses of vaccine are needed to produce a protective level of antibody in unprimed individuals, and two doses have been used for primary immunization of children (Mostow et al, 1970; Palache et al, 1993). The levels of antibody induced by the inactivated influenza vaccine have been observed to decrease by 75% over an 8-month period (Ohmit et al, 2008; Wright and Webster, 2001).…”

Section: Influenza Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel vaccines against influenza viruses

2011

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Killed and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines are effective in preventing and curbing the spread of influenza epidemics when the strains present in the vaccines are closely matched with the predicted epidemic strains. These vaccines are primarily targeted to induce immunity to the variable major target antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus. However, current vaccines are not effective in preventing the emergence of new pandemic or highly virulent viruses. New approaches are being investigated to develop universal influenza virus vaccines as well as to apply more effective vaccine delivery methods. Conserved vaccine targets including the influenza M2 ion channel protein and HA stalk domains are being developed using recombinant technologies to improve the level of cross protection. In addition, recent studies provide evidence that vaccine supplements can provide avenues to further improve current vaccination.

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Studies on Inactivated Influenza Vaccines

Cited by 43 publications

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A new subunit influenza vaccine: acceptability compared with standard vaccines and antigenicity in increasing dosageTaken from an article originally published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (1972) 125, 656.

A new subunit influenza vaccine: acceptability compared with standard vaccines and antigenicity in increasing dosageTaken from an article originally published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (1972) 125, 656.

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a highly purified vaccine against tick‐borne encephalitis

Novel vaccines against influenza viruses

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