Studies on Imidazole and Its Derivatives with Particular Emphasis on Their Chemical/biological Applications as Bioactive Molecules/Intermediated to Bioactive Molecule

Abstract

Imidazoles are heterocycles with five-member ring structure heterocyclic compounds have gained very remarkable place in recent years because of their exceptional pharmacological activities. The imidazole nucleus is a main synthetic strategy in drug discovery. Imidazole is a planar five-member ring system having N atom at 1 and 3 positions. The systemic name for the compound is 1, 3 diazoles, one of the N bear an H atom and other to be termed as a pyrrole type N. Imidazole was first named as glyoxaline. It is amphoteric in nature, and it has susceptibility to be attacked by electrophile and nucleophile. It is a constituent of the purine nucleus and histidine amino acid, 4-amino imidazole-5-carboxamide found naturally as a riboside. This interesting group of heterocyclic compounds has wide range biological activities such as, analgesic, anti-inflammatory anticancer, antiviral, anthelmintic, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, antimicrobial, anti-allergic activity etc. Various methods employed for the synthesis of imidazole's and their chemical structure reactions offer enormous scope in the field of medicinal chemistry.

Zika Virus Infection Results in Biochemical Changes Associated With RNA Editing, Inflammatory and Antiviral Responses in Aedes albopictus

“…Imidazoles are heterocycles with five-member ring structure. Imidazoles have gained importance due to their exceptional pharmacological activities ( Kumar et al, 2017 ). In a search for new compounds with potential for clinical use as antiviral agents, high throughput screening of a compound library resulted in the identification of imidazole-4,5-dicarboxamide derivative and demonstrated it to have a high DENV inhibitory activity ( Saudi et al, 2014 ).…”

Synthesis and therapeutic potential of imidazole containing compounds

“…It is also known as 1,3-diazole. It contains two nitrogen atoms, one nitrogen bear a hydrogen atom, and the other is called pyrrole type nitrogen [ 7 ]. 1,3-diazole ring is a bioester of the pyrazole ring [ 8 ].…”

“…The dissociation constant (pKa) of delocalized lone pair and non-delocalized lone pair is 7 and 14.9 respectively. 1,3-diazole ring is susceptible to both electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks due to its amphoteric phenomenon [ 7 ] . For an acid imidazole, the dissociation constant is 14.5, which makes it less acidic than phenol, imides, and carboxylic acid except for alcohols (which is less acidic than imidazole).…”

“…The imidazole ring shows excellent solubility in water and other polar solvents [ 10 ]. The dipole moment, melting point, and boiling point of the imidazole ring is 4.8 D in dioxane [ 6 ], 88.9 ° C, and 267.8 ° C [ 7 ] respectively. It possesses intramolecular hydrogen bonding [ 9 ].…”

Electron Transfer Induced Decomposition in Potassium–Nitroimidazoles Collisions: An Experimental and Theoretical Work

“…Imidazole (IMI, 68 amu), C 3 H 4 N 2 (Figure 1), is a five-membered aromatic molecule containing two nitrogen atoms and is polar in nature with a dipole moment of 3.8 D. This ring is found in several biological molecules, such as histidine, purines, nitroimidazole, antifungal drugs, and antibiotics [15]. The imidazole is also being used in the synthesis of new drugs and it is found in diverse molecules acting in inflammatory and analgesic mechanisms, as well as in carcinogenesis activities [16]. At the atomic and molecular level some studies have been performed regarding the integrity of the IMI ring.…”