Studies on Diabetic Retinopathy: II. Retinopathy and Nephropathy in Spontaneous Canine Diabetes

Patz, Arnall; Berkow, Joseph W.; Maumenee, A. Edward; Cox, James

doi:10.2337/diab.14.11.700

Cited by 39 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Prevalence of retinopathy in humans with diabetes in the United States was recently reported as 28.5%, with a strong correlation with duration of diabetes 28. Previous studies describing retinopathy in dogs with naturally occurring diabetes have reported similar prevalence values as this study, ranging from 3 to 21% 5, 7, 29, 30. Although hypertension is also a well‐known risk factor for development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in humans,28, 31 a similar correlation was not found in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Longitudinal Prevalence of Hypertension, Proteinuria, and Retinopathy in Dogs with Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus

Herring

Panciera

Werre

2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundThe prevalence and progression of vascular complications of spontaneous diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs have not been described.ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of duration of disease, as estimated by time since DM diagnosis, and glycemic control on prevalence of systemic hypertension, proteinuria, and diabetic retinopathy in dogs with spontaneous DM.AnimalsSeventeen client‐owned dogs with spontaneous DM.MethodsProspective, longitudinal observational study. Dogs with DM of less than 1 year's duration were recruited and evaluated once every 6 months for 24 months. Recorded measures included indirect BP, urine albumin, protein and creatinine concentrations, serial blood glucose and serum fructosamine concentrations, ophthalmic examination, and a standardized behavioral questionnaire.ResultsEleven dogs completed the 2‐year follow‐up period, during which the highest recorded prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was 55 and 64%, respectively. Prevalence of microalbuminuria and elevated urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) ranged up to 73 and 55%, respectively. Prevalence of retinopathy ranged up to 20%. No significant effect of time since DM diagnosis or glycemic control was detected for any of the measures examined. Additionally, no significant associations between BP, urine albumin concentration, UPC and retinopathy were detected.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceWith the exception of proteinuria, which was substantial in some cases, clinically deleterious diabetic vascular complications were not identified in dogs in this study.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Longitudinal Prevalence of Hypertension, Proteinuria, and Retinopathy in Dogs with Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus

Herring

Panciera

Werre

2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Various manifestations, such as microaneurysm formation, capillary pericyte loss and capillary basement membrane thickening, have been consistently reported in humans with diabetes [13,14] and some diabetic animal models [3,6,15,16]. OLETF rats had similar capillary changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Retinal Capillary Changes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats (Spontaneously Diabetic Strain)

1999

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The Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat is a spontaneously diabetic strain with polyuria, polydipsia and mild obesity. The pathological features of OLETF rats closely resemble those of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study is to investigate the retinal capillary changes in the OLETF rat and to confirm the valuability of the OLETF rat as the model of diabetic retinal disease. One-month-old male OLETF rats and age- and sex-matched Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) controls were supplied by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Tokushima, Japan). Body weight and blood sugar levels were measured monthly. Their eyes were enucleated 14 months after birth. Ultrathin sections were made and examined with a transmission electron microscope. According to their location, two kinds of retinal capillaries were differentiated: those in the nerve fiber layer (NFL) and those in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The image of each capillary was transferred to a computed image analyzer, and basement membrane thickness and the ratio of the pericyte area to total capillary cross-section area were determined. Corrosion casts of retinal vessels were made and examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). OLETF rats gained more weight than LETO rats from the beginning, and the difference increased gradually with age. The blood sugar level of OLETF rats was higher than that of LETO rats after 5 months of age. In the retinal capillaries of 14-month-old OLETF rats, basement membranes were significantly thicker (OLETF: 209 ± 51 nm in NFL, 132 ± 23 nm in OPL; LETO: 118 ± 28 nm in NFL, 79 ± 14 nm in OPL), and the ratio of pericyte area to the capillary cross-section area was significantly lower than that of the controls (OLETF: 0.131 ± 0.92 in NFL, 0.111 ± 0.102 in OPL; LETO: 0.288 ± 0.142 in NFL, 0.198 ± 0.136 in OPL). The endothelial cell cytoplasm had degenerated. SEM examination of the vascular corrosion cast of a 14-month-old OLETF rat showed caliber irregularity, narrowing, tortuosity and loop formations of capillaries. The morphological changes in the retinal capillaries of OLETF rats were similar to those seen in diabetic patients. The OLETF rat may be a useful animal model for the study of ocular diabetic complications in humans.

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“…Sibay (1967) sugeriu que a diabetes precisa estar presente por pelo menos cinco anos no cão, antes da manifestação da retinopatia. Existem vários casos reportados de retinopatia em cães com diabetes melito espontânea (Patz 1962,1965, Sibay 1967, Monti 1976, Barnett 1981, Ono 1986). Recentemente, em 2003, Landrey realizou estudo retrospectivo, em que avaliou 52 cães diabéticos e 179 cães não diabéticos submetidos à cirurgia de catarata.…”

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Avaliação ultra-sonográfica do segmento posterior de olhos de cães diabéticos e não diabéticos portadores de catarata

et al. 2007

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A catarata impossibilita a passagem de luz dentro do olho, dificultando o exame físico direto das estruturas oculares. É necessária a identificação prévia de quaisquer alterações oculares que contra-indiquem a cirurgia de catarata. A ultra-sonografia, ou ecografia ocular, é um exame seguro, de baixo custo, não invasivo, de fácil realização, que completa o exame oftálmico. Foi realizada avaliação ultra-sonográfica, com transdutor linear, freqüência de 10 MHz, de 225 olhos de 123 cães, sendo cães controle (Grupo 1), 52 cães não diabéticos portadores de catarata (Grupo 2) e 35 cães diabéticos portadores de catarata (Grupo 3), todos eles atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram encontradas as seguintes alterações ultra-sonográficas no Grupo 1: degeneração vítrea em 43%, descolamento de vítreo posterior em 7,7%, hialose asteróide em 4,6% dos olhos; no Grupo 2: degeneração vítrea em 58,9%, descolamento de vítreo posterior em 8,4%, hialose asteróide em 2,1%, processo inflamatório e/ou hemorrágico em 2,1% e descolamento de retina em 4,3% dos olhos; e no Grupo 3: degeneração vítrea em 50,7%, descolamento de vítreo posterior em 13,8%, hialose asteróide em 12,3%, processo inflamatório e/ou hemorrágico em 3,1% e descolamento de retina em 3,1% dos olhos. Concluiu-se, que (1) cães diabéticos, principalmente os que apresentam a doença há mais de 2 anos, tem maior predisposição para o desenvolvimento de hialose asteróide; (2) não houve diferença entre a freqüencia de descolamento de retina encontrada em cães diabéticos e não diabéticos; e (3) a ultra-sonografia ocular é em exame seguro, eficaz e importante na avaliação pré-operatória de cães portadores de catarata.

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Studies on Diabetic Retinopathy: II. Retinopathy and Nephropathy in Spontaneous Canine Diabetes

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Longitudinal Prevalence of Hypertension, Proteinuria, and Retinopathy in Dogs with Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus

Longitudinal Prevalence of Hypertension, Proteinuria, and Retinopathy in Dogs with Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus

Retinal Capillary Changes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats (Spontaneously Diabetic Strain)

Avaliação ultra-sonográfica do segmento posterior de olhos de cães diabéticos e não diabéticos portadores de catarata

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