Studies on Characterization and Burning of Red Phosphorus-Based Smoke Compositions

Somayajulu, M. R.; Gautam, G. K.; Jayaraman, Shrisudersan; Agrawal, J. P.

doi:10.1080/07370650305581

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In the absence of air, white phosphorus vapor (P 4 ) is the major predicted product and the T ad is just 941 K (Table ). Similar T ad values have been calculated for fuel-rich RP-KNO 3 mixtures …”

Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

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Thermodynamic Modeling of Pyrotechnic Smoke Compositions

Shaw

Brusnahan

Poret

et al. 2016

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Some of the most effective visible obscurants for military applications are toxic or incendiary or present serious logistical complications. Sustainable alternatives are needed to mitigate the risks of human exposure and environmental contamination. The FactSage 6.4 software package was used to model the thermodynamics of pyrotechnic smoke compositions based on boron carbide, hexachloroethane, and phosphorus. The computational results are shown to be relevant in light of prior experimental observations. Boron phosphide is proposed as a benign source of phosphorus for next-generation pyrotechnic smoke compositions. The thermodynamics of the BP–KNO3 system have been studied computationally. The results indicate that certain stoichiometries should produce elemental phosphorus upon combustion. The properties of the BP–KNO3 system are examined considering the functional requirements of smoke munitions.

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Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Similar T ad values have been calculated for fuel-rich RP-KNO 3 mixtures. 35 Boron Phosphide as a Benign Source of Phosphorus. The use of phosphide compounds, instead of elemental phosphorus, is an alternative strategy for incorporating this element into pyrotechnic compositions.…”

Section: Acs Sustainable Chemistry and Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Modeling of Pyrotechnic Smoke Compositions

Shaw

Brusnahan

Poret

et al. 2016

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…It can be observed that this value increases from 0.7 per cent at 30 per cent RH in one day to 15.6 per cent at 95 per cent RH in 21 days 11 . While moisture absorption, acidity/alkalinity development and phosphine release are slow initially the slope drastically changes beyond 70 per cent RH as can be seen from Figs 3(a) and 3(b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Stabilisation of Red Phosphorus to Prevent Moisture Absorption and Suppression of Phosphine Release

Somayajulu

Gautam

Rao

2007

DSJ

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Red phosphorus (RP) is an essential ingredient to generate smoke for multi-spectral obscuration and is receiving wide attention throughout the world for military applications. However, oxidation of phosphorus occurs in moist air resulting in the formation of various phosphorus acids and subsequently the evolution of the toxic gas, phosphine (PH 3 ), even in the sealed systems. Entrapped moisture leads to deterioration of the stores. The commercial-RP at ambient temperature and 95 per cent RH conditions indicates 15 per cent moisture absorption and 13 per cent acidity development with the generation of more than 100 ppm of phosphine gas. Efforts were made to overcome this problem by suppressing acid formation. The technology adopted was: (i) use of stabiliser, and (ii) doping stabiliser-coated particles with polymeric substance. The aim to use metal oxide as stabiliser was to neutralise the phosphorus acids, which are catalysing the phosphine generation. MgO due to its basic nature seems to be faster than amphoteric Al 2 O 3 , in removing the acid from site of reaction, thus suppressing the phosphine release effectively. Though MgCO 3 as stabiliser suppresses moisture absorption and acidity development, phosphine release is not controlled effectively. Study of RP coated with these materials independently and monitoring them at different RH conditions indicated superiority of MgO in suppressing acidity and phosphine formation.

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“…Highest percentage obscuration was observed for composition II with comparatively low flame temperature and high smoke generation rate. This can be attributed to the vaporisation of excess of unreacted phosphorus, which will get oxidised, with the participation of about 230 g of oxygen available in the 1.8 m 3 volume of atmosphere in the smoke chamber. As the calculated flame temperature is rather low, it is expected that at this condition burning and obscuration will be a slow phenomena.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pellets were burnt at 1 atm pressure and the time of burning was evaluated using a stopwatch and the smoke generation rate was calculated. In addition, the pellets were burnt in an electrical muffle furnace inside a smoke chamber of volume 1.8 m 3 and the percentage obscuration was calculated from the formula where c is the concentration of the composition/ red phosphorus in the given volume, and l is the length of the smoke column.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiometric Screening of Red Phosphorus Smoke for its Obscuration Characteristics

Gautam

Joshi

et al. 2006

DSJ

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Red phosphorus and potassium nitrate-based compositions exhibit favorable smoke screen formation with high obscuration characteristics at low oxidiser content. The rapid vaporisation of excess red phosphorus at higher flame temperature leads to quick aerodispersion. The obscuration characteristics are due to formation of P 2 O 5 and subsequent reaction with moisture/ humidity in the atmosphere. Obscuration increases with increasing humidity. Extinction coefficient, the shadow cast per unit mass of the composition, is higher in visible and comparatively lower in far infrared.

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Studies on Characterization and Burning of Red Phosphorus-Based Smoke Compositions

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Thermodynamic Modeling of Pyrotechnic Smoke Compositions

Thermodynamic Modeling of Pyrotechnic Smoke Compositions

Stabilisation of Red Phosphorus to Prevent Moisture Absorption and Suppression of Phosphine Release

Radiometric Screening of Red Phosphorus Smoke for its Obscuration Characteristics

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