Studies on Brominated Chemicals in the Environment

DeCarlo, V. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56642.x

Cited by 74 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In the 1970s, BTBPE was identified but not quantified in soil samples taken near the Chemtura production facility in El Dorado, Arkansas, USA [12]. More recently, BTBPE was found in soil samples taken from two areas in southern China, one in the PRD and one near an electronics waste processing area in the agricultural area of Qingyuan City, north of the PRD [7].…”

Section: Soil and Outdoor Dustmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In 1977, BTBPE was identified in air particulate samples taken using high-volume samplers on the grounds of a production site in El Dorado, Arkansas [11,12]. The concentrations found ranged from not detectable level to 183 ng/m 3 [11].…”

Section: Outdoor Air and Tree Barkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Worldwide production/usage was estimated to be 16,710 tons in 2001 [9]. BTBPE was first identified in the environment in the 1970s in samples taken at or near the Great Lakes Chemical Corp./Chemtura production facility in El Dorado, Arkansas, USA [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment

Wit

Kierkegaard

Ricklund

et al. 2010

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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A number of new brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are being found in the environment but the amount of data is still very small. The best studied emerging BFRs are 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and decabromodiphenyl ethane, with some data for hexabromobenzene, pentabromoethylbenzene, pentabromotoluene, tetrabromobisphenol A derivatives, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, 2-ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoate, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol. Very little data are available for 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether, 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether, hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane, and octabromo-1,3,3-trimethyl-1-phenylindane. Indoor air concentrations are generally higher than outdoor air concentrations, indicating emissions from flame-retarded products. Their presence in indoor air and dust indicates possible human exposure from this pathway, but there are little human data available to determine this. The presence of several of these BFRs in fish, birds, and mammals indicates that they are bioavailable and can be absorbed and bioaccumulated. Their presence in outdoor air and in the Arctic indicates that several are capable of long range atmospheric transport. More data on these new BFRs are needed in order to determine if they pose unacceptable risks to the environment and to human health.

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Section: Soil and Outdoor Dustmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Outdoor Air and Tree Barkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment

Wit

Kierkegaard

Ricklund

et al. 2010

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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“…PBDEs were detected (up to 5 µg/kg dry weight) in 2 of 40 hair samples from American citizens living in an area where PBDEs are manufactured, according to DeCarlo (73).…”

Section: Pbde Levels In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Darnerud

Eriksen

Johannesson

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

685

263

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in plastics (concentration, 5--30%) and in textile coatings. Commercial products consist predominantly of penta-, octa-, and decabromodiphenyl ether mixtures, and global PBDE production is about 40,000 tons per year. PBDEs are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in the environment, and comparatively high levels are often found in aquatic biotopes from different parts of the world. During the mid-1970--1980s there was a substantial increase in the PBDE levels with time in both sediments and aquatic biota, whereas the latest Swedish data (pike and guillemot egg) may indicate that levels are at steady state or are decreasing. However, exponentially increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mother's milk during 1972--1997. Based on levels in food from 1999, the dietary intake of PBDE in Sweden has been estimated to be 0.05 microg per day. Characteristic end points of animal toxicity are hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and thyroid effects as well as maternal toxicity during gestation. Recently, behavioral effects have been observed in mice on administration of PBDEs during a critical period after birth. Based on the critical effects reported in available studies, we consider the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) value of the PBDE group to be 1 mg/kg/day (primarily based on effects of pentaBDEs). In conclusion, with the scientific knowledge of today and based on Nordic intake data, the possible consumer health risk from PBDEs appears limited, as a factor of over 10(6) separates the estimated present mean dietary intake from the suggested LOAEL value. However, the presence of many and important data gaps, including those in carcinogenicity, reproduction, and developmental toxicity, as well as additional routes of exposure, make this conclusion only preliminary. Moreover, the time trend of PBDEs in human breast milk is alarming for the future.

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“…Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and its analogue compounds (e.g., bisphenol-A (BPA) and 2,6-dibromophenol (2,6-DBP) ) have caused significant concern due to their accumulation in the environment [1][2][3]. The release of these compounds into the environment occurs through manufacturing, recycling, and disposal of various materials [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Sorption Characteristics of Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Bisphenol-A, and 2,6-Dibromophenol in a Single-Aolute Aystem

Li¹,

Peng²,

Zhang³

et al. 2016

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and its analogue compounds (bisphenol-A (BPA) and 2, 6-dibromophenol (2, 6-DBP)) sorption on CTMAB-clays was investigated in this paper through bath experiments. Montmorillonite and kaolinite modified by CTAMB, as the adsorbent, were firstly characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEManalysis. The surface areas was determined using N2 (77K) sorption-desorption analysis. Kinetic studies showed that sorption reached equilibrium in 5 hours and followed the pseudosecond order kinetic model. The intra-particle diffusion model for sorption was also investigated and compared to identify the sorption mechanism. The sorption isotherms, well fitted by Freundlich model, were changed from being non-linear to being linear with intercalating CTMAB into clays, which indicated that CTMAB increased the partition interaction. A combination of partition and specific sorption might be contributed to TBBPA and its composition products sorption mechanism. The Freundlich coefficients (kF) and distribution coefficients (kd) for both two adsorbents were primarily increased by increasing amount of adsorbed CTMAB, while the organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients (koc) did not follow this trend. Meanwhile, 100%CEC-CTMAB-Montmorillonite showed an advantage of removal of the selected compounds than 100%CEC-CTAMB-Kaolinite. The sorption capacity of BPA was bigger than that of 2, 6-DBP in spite of their similar hydrophobicity, which indicated some molecule properties might influence the sorption on CTMAB-clays. Moreover, the negative ∆G0 and ∆H0 indicated the spontaneous and exothermal process. The TBBPA sorption on CTMAB-clays was considerably enhanced in the acid condition.

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Studies on Brominated Chemicals in the Environment

Cited by 74 publications

References 0 publications

Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment

Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Comparing Sorption Characteristics of Tetrabromobisphenol-A, Bisphenol-A, and 2,6-Dibromophenol in a Single-Aolute Aystem

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