Studies on Bacillus Typhosus Toxic Substances

Shwartzman, Gregory

doi:10.1084/jem.48.2.247

Cited by 114 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The endothelial change involves, at a minimum, the expression of adhesion molecules that enable the monocytes to adhere to the vessel wall and undergo transendothelial migration in both large and small vessels, leading to local deposits of monocyte clusters in segments of the blood vessels. These monocyte clusters could then periodically signal the vessel endothelium via release of pro thrombotic, proinflammatory, and chemotactic me diators, such as TNF-a, IL-1, and perhaps platelet activating factor, to convert the endothelium to a procoagulant state and, in effect, prepare the vessel segments in a manner similar to the localized Shwartzman paradigm (Shwartzman, 1928;Movat , 1987;Hallenbeck et aI., 1988;Pober and Cotran, 1990). Complement activation or any stim ulus leading to activation of the coagulation system (including natural oscillation of coagulation poten tial, stress, infection, trauma, and inflammation) could then precipitate a localized reaction of the prepared vessel segment and lead to a local throm bosis or hemorrhage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitation of Perivascular Monocytes and Macrophages around Cerebral Blood Vessels of Hypertensive and Aged Rats

Liu

Jacobowitz

Barone

et al. 1994

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary: The numbers of monocytes and macrophages in the walls of cerebral blood vessels were counted on perfusion-fixed frozen brain sections (16 fLm) of sponta neously hypertensive rats (SHR), stroke-prone SHR (SHR-SP), normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and young (16-week-old) and old (2-year-old) normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (SD-16w and SD-2y, respectively) using monoclonal antibodies against rat macrophages (ED2). The staining was visualized with fluorescein labeled second antibodies. The ED2-specific staining in brain sections was restricted to macrophages in a peri vascular location. The number of perivascular cells per square millimeter of high-power field was significantly greater in SHR-SP (8.6 ± 2.1; n = 4) and SHR (6.7 ± 0.9; n = 6) than in normotensive WKY (4.0 ± 0.5; n = 6; P

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitation of Perivascular Monocytes and Macrophages around Cerebral Blood Vessels of Hypertensive and Aged Rats

Liu

Jacobowitz

Barone

et al. 1994

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…25 These monocyte clusters could then periodically signal the vessel endothelium via release of prothrombotic, proinflammatory, and chemotactic mediators such as TNF-a, PAF, and perhaps IL-1 to convert the endothelium to a procoagulant state and, in effect, prepare those vessel segments in a manner similar to the localized Shwartzman paradigm. 31 " 33 Complement activation or any stimulus leading to activation of the coagulation system could then precipitate a localized reaction of this prepared vessel segment and lead to a local thrombosis or hemorrhage. This could represent a general mechanism through which risk factors for stroke operate to increase stroke likelihood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators in the brain and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats.

Sirén

Heldman

Doron

et al. 1992

Stroke

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background and Purpose:We reported previously that stroke risk factors prepared the brain stem for the development of ischemia and hemorrhage and induced the production of tumor necrosis factor following an intrathecal injection of lipopolysaccharide, a prototypic monocyte-activating stimulus. This study evaluates whether blood or brain cells of hypertensive rats produce more proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators than do blood or brain cells of normotensive rats.Methods: Levels of tumor necrosis factor, platelet-activating factor, 6-ketoprostaglandin F la , and thromboxane B 2 in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were monitored before and after a challenge with lipopolysaccharide.Results: Little or no activity from these mediators was found in the cerebrospinal fluid or blood of saline-injected control animals. Intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (0.001, 0.1, and 1.8 nig/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in blood levels of all mediators in hypertensive rats. In normotensive rats the levels were less than in hypertensive rats and were not clearly dose-related. When lipopolysaccharide was injected intracerebroventricularly, more tumor necrosis factor was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood, suggesting local synthesis of this cytokine. Levels of tumor necrosis factor and platelet-activating factor in the cerebrospinal fluid were higher in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. The thromboxane A 2 /prostacyclin ratio was not altered significantly between the two rat strains.Conclusions: It is suggested that the higher incidence of brain stem ischemia and hemorrhage after the intrathecal injection of lipopolysaccharide in hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats might be related to the higher levels of the two cytotoxic factors tumor necrosis factor and platelet-activating factor produced in response to such challenge.

show abstract

“…Immediately before injection the tubes were shaken and the fluid together with the precipitate was used for injections. The skin of the abdomen of rabbits was prepared, as described in the first paper of this series (1), and the mixture injected into various areas, usually the lower right and upper and lower left areas of the shaven skin of the abdomen. The upper right area of the skin of the abdomen of each rabbit was injected with the toxic filtrate alone, previously diluted with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride solution and kept in the water bath at 37 ° for 1 hour.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Bacillus Typhosus Toxic Substances

Shwartzman

1929

Journal of Experimental Medicine

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the previous communication (1) a local skin reactivity to B. typhosus culture filtrates was described. The reactivity was induced by injection of the filtrate into the skin. If 24 hours later an intravenous injection of the same filtrate was given to the rabbit, there appeared an extremely severe hemorrhagic necrosis at the site of the previous injection. The mechanism is not fully understood as yet since no complete experimental comparison has been made between this phenomenon and the manifestations of bacterial allergy. There were found, however, certain features which, considered together, distinguish this phenomenon from the known phenomena of bacterial hypersusceptibility and from the Arthus phenomenon. These features are: the local reactivity; the short incubation period necessary for local preparation of the skin; the short duration of the state of reactivity; the ability to induce the reactivity by a single injection; and the necessity to make the second injection of the toxic agent by the intravenous route.The present paper deals with the relation of the specific antisera to the skin-preparatory factors of the phenomenon above described. There was a double purpose in these studies, first, to elucidate the mechanism of the phenomenon, and secondly, to determine whether specific sera neutralized the preparatory factors, and if so, whether this could be advantageously applied to titration of the neutralizing

show abstract

Studies on Bacillus Typhosus Toxic Substances

Abstract: PLATES 6 AI~' V 7.

Cited by 114 publications

References 0 publications

Quantitation of Perivascular Monocytes and Macrophages around Cerebral Blood Vessels of Hypertensive and Aged Rats

Quantitation of Perivascular Monocytes and Macrophages around Cerebral Blood Vessels of Hypertensive and Aged Rats

Release of proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators in the brain and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats.

Studies on Bacillus Typhosus Toxic Substances

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About