Studies on apple and blueberry fruit constituents: Do the polyphenols reach the colon after ingestion?

Kahle, Kathrin; Kraus, Michael; Scheppach, Wolfgang; Ackermann, Matthias; Ridder, Friederike; Richling, Elke

doi:10.1002/mnfr.200500211

Cited by 149 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In addition, previous work (Aura et al, 2005) suggested that a major portion of ingested polyphenols survive digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reach the colon, where they could be subjected to fermentation by colonic microflora. This has been confirmed in human ileostomy patients (Karle et al, 2006). Thus, considering the high catechin content of green tea and cocoa, colonic cells could be exposed to flavanols levels similar to those tested in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Dietary flavanols exert different effects on antioxidant defenses and apoptosis/proliferation in Caco-2 and SW480 colon cancer cells

Ramos

Rodríguez-Ramiro

Martín

et al. 2011

Toxicology in Vitro

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1Flavanols intake has been associated with reduced risk of cancer. In this study, the anticarcinogenic effects of the flavanols epicatechin (EC), epicatechin-gallate (ECG) and procyanidin B2 (PB2) on Caco-2 and SW480 colon cancer cells were investigated. Catechins showed different cytotoxicity depending on the cell line. ECG displayed strong growth inhibitory effects against SW480 cells, but was ineffective on Caco-2 cells. In contrast, PB2 did not affect Caco-2 cells, whereas promoted cell growth in SW480 cells and EC had no obvious effects on any cell line. Exposure of SW480 cells to ECG led to apoptosis as determined by caspase-3 activity, imbalance among Bcl-2 anti-and pro-apoptotic protein levels, ERK activation and AKT inhibition, whereas PB2 treatment enhanced phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK levels. Incubation of Caco-2 cells with ECG increased glutathione levels without affecting the expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, AKT or ERK. The results suggest that the different cytotoxicity of flavanols is caused by their different activity and the degree of differentiation of the colon cancer cell line. Thus, ECG induced apoptosis in SW480 cells and contributed to the cytotoxic effect, whereas ECG enhanced the antioxidant potential in Caco-2 cells. PB2 activated cell proliferation and survival/proliferation pathways in SW480 cells.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Dietary flavanols exert different effects on antioxidant defenses and apoptosis/proliferation in Caco-2 and SW480 colon cancer cells

Ramos

Rodríguez-Ramiro

Martín

et al. 2011

Toxicology in Vitro

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show abstract

“…This observation has been confirmed in human ileostomy patients (29). Therefore, despite the low serum bioavailability of flavonoids (10), due to the high catechin content of green tea, cocoa and other well accepted foodstuffs, colonic cells could be exposed to flavanol levels similar or higher to those tested in the present study.…”

Section: Activation Of Mapks By Ecg Is Required For P53 Stimulation Asupporting

confidence: 76%

Epicatechin Gallate Induces Cell Death via p53 Activation and Stimulation of p38 and JNK in Human Colon Cancer SW480 Cells

Cordero-Herrera

Bravo

Goya

et al. 2013

Nutrition and Cancer

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The tea flavonoid epicatechin gallate (ECG) exhibits a wide range of biological activities. In this study, the in vitro anticancer effects of ECG on SW480 colon cancer cell line was investigated by analyzing the cell cycle, apoptosis, key proteins involved in cellular survival/proliferation, namely AKT/PI3K and MAPKs, and the role of p53 in these processes. ECG induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1-S phase border associated with the stimulation of p21, p-p53 and p53 and the suppression of cyclins D1 and B1. Exposure of SW480 cells to ECG also led to apoptosis as determined by time-dependent changes in caspase-3 activity, MAPKs (ERK, p38 and JNK), p21 and p53 activation, and AKT inhibition. The presence of pifithrin, an inhibitor of p53 function, blocked ECG-induced apoptosis as was manifested by restored cell viability and caspase-3 activity to control values, and reestablished the balance among Bcl-2 anti-and pro-apoptotic protein levels. Interestingly, ECG also inhibited p53 protein and RNA degradation, contributing to the stabilization of p53. In addition, JNK and p38 have been identified as necessary for ECGinduced apoptosis, upon activation by p53. The results suggest that the activation of the p53-p38/JNK cascade is required for ECG-induced cell death in SW480 cells.

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“…These phenolic acids are thought to be formed during anthocyanin metabolic processing by enteric bacteria or in chemical reactions [20]. These anthocyanin metabolites have also been found in humans [21][22][23]. It is therefore reasonable to take into account the potential effects of such metabolites when assessing the health benefits of anthocyanins.…”

Section: Absorption and Metabolism And Intake Dosage For Functional Ementioning

confidence: 98%

Dietary anthocyanin‐rich plants: Biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies

Tsuda

2011

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

455

268

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Anthocyanins are one type of flavonoid phytopigment. Although the role of anthocyanins as a functional food factor remains relatively less established than that of other flavonoids, progress in this area has been made at the molecular level in recent years. This review discusses the potential health benefits of plant-derived anthocyanin-rich foods, with a focus on the role of anthocyanins in obesity control, diabetes control, cardiovascular disease prevention, and improvement of visual and brain functions, areas that have attracted much attention. Such health benefits are not necessarily derived from the antioxidant effect of anthocyanins, but in fact are produced by currently unestablished chemical properties beyond the antioxidant capacity of the molecules. However, a better understanding of the physiological functionality of anthocyanins remains to be elucidated. It is desirable, therefore, to clarify the molecular type and composition of the anthocyanins that confer specific health benefits and to conduct further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms. The pharmacological actions of anthocyanins could not be fully established without knowledge on the effects of treatment of anthocyanins alone, the effects of non-anthocyanin components, and the possible interactions between anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin species.

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Studies on apple and blueberry fruit constituents: Do the polyphenols reach the colon after ingestion?

Cited by 149 publications

References 32 publications

Dietary flavanols exert different effects on antioxidant defenses and apoptosis/proliferation in Caco-2 and SW480 colon cancer cells

Dietary flavanols exert different effects on antioxidant defenses and apoptosis/proliferation in Caco-2 and SW480 colon cancer cells

Epicatechin Gallate Induces Cell Death via p53 Activation and Stimulation of p38 and JNK in Human Colon Cancer SW480 Cells

Dietary anthocyanin‐rich plants: Biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies

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