Studies of the Longitudinal Development of High-Energy Electron-Photon Cascade Showers in Copper

Zerby, C.D.; Moran, H.S.

doi:10.2172/4774333

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…For various reasons two completely different codes were written in the early-to-mid-1960's to simulate electromagnetic cascades. The first was written by Zerby and Moran [180,181,182] at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and was motivated by the construction of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the many physics and engineering problems that were anticipated as a result of high-energy electron beams showering in various devices and structures at that facility. This code had been used by Alsmiller and others [5,6,7,2,8,3,4] for a number of studies since its development 1 .…”

Section: Before Egsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The EGS5 Code System

Hirayama¹,

Namito²,

Ibaraki-ken³

et al. 2005

447

281

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Section: Before Egsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The EGS5 Code System

Hirayama¹,

Namito²,

Ibaraki-ken³

et al. 2005

447

281

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“…For various reasons two completely di erent codes were written in the early-to-mid-1960's to simulate electromagnetic cascades. The rst was written by Zerby and Moran 13,14,15 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and was motivated by the construction of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the many p h ysics and engineering problems that were anticipated as a result of high-energy electron beams showering in various devices and structures at that facility. This code had been used by Alsmiller and others 16, 17, 18, 1 9 , 2 0 , 21, 22 for a number of studies since its development 1 .…”

Section: Before Egsmentioning

confidence: 99%

History, Overview and Recent Improvement of EGS4

Bielajew¹

2004

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A great deal of the content of the following historical sections of this report has been plagiarised unashamedly from the original EGS3 Electron Gamma Shower Code Version 3 document authored by Richard Ford and Ralph Nelson 1 . There are several reasons for this aside from laziness. This history predates one of the author's AFB involvement with EGS and he found it very di cult to improve upon the words penned by F ord and Nelson in that original document. Moreover, the EGS3 manual is now out-of-print and this history might h a v e e v entually been lost to the ever-burgeoning EGS-community n o w estimated to be at least 6000 strong. There had been one previous attempt to give a historical perspective of EGS 2 . However, this article was very brief and did not convey the large e ort that went i n to the development of EGS. In this report the historical section on EGS4 as well as the summary of EGS3 to EGS4 conversion and the overview of EGS4 was taken directly from the EGS4 manual 3 . This is done for completeness only. The EGS4 manual gives much more detail and ought to be referred to for technical details. Finally, recent improvements to EGS4 are listed herein and represent the rst time that this information is available in one place. The reader should consult the references cited in this report for more details regarding motivation and implementation.1.1 Before EGS The Monte Carlo method was originally suggested by Ulam and von Neumann 4 , and was rst used by Goldberger 5 in order to study nuclear disintegrations produced by high-energy particles. The rst application of the Monte Carlo technique to study shower production was done by Wilson 6 . Wilson's approach w as a simple graphical-mechanical that was described as follows:The procedure used was a simple graphical and mechanical one. The distance into the lead was broken into intervals of one-fth of a radiation length about 1 mm. The electrons or photons were followed through successive intervals and their fate in passing through a given interval was decided by spinning a wheel of chance; the fate being read from one of a family of curves drawn on a cylinder: : :A word a b out the wheel of chance; The cylinder, 4 in. outside diameter by 12 in. long is driven by a high speed motor geared down by a ratio 20 to 1. The motor armature i s h e avier than the cylinder and determines where the cylinder stops. The motor was observed to stop at random and, in so far as the cylinder is concerned, its randomness is multiplied by the gear ratio: : : " from R. R. Wilson, op. cit.Although apparently quite tedious, Wilson's method was still an improvement o v er the analytic methods of the time|particularly in studying the average behavior and uctuations about the average 7 . HISTORY & O VERVIEW OF EGS4 2The rst use of an electronic digital computer in simulating high-energy cascades by Monte Carlo methods was reported by Butcher and Messel 8, 9 , and independently by V arfolomeev and Svetlolobov 10 . These two groups collaborated in a much publicized work 11 that eventuall...

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“…As elect'ron-photon propagation is not described by normal statistics (Arley 1943), and as CASCADE is a direct simulation of the physical process, the average value of the energy deposition and the associated st'andard deviation may not' be accurately given after any given number of histories. Hence these quantities were tested for statistical validity using the Shapiro-Wilk (1964) t'est as described by Burrows and MacMillan (1965).…”

Section: Description Of the Monte Carlo Codementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The collision stopping powers were calculated using Heitler (1954), and the density effect correction formula is that of Armstrong and Alsmiller (1970). Ionization potentials were taken from Dalton and Turner (1968) and Turner, Roecklein and Vora (1970). Finally, the transport-corrected scattering crosssection and the moments of the multiple scattering distribution were taken from Lewis (1950), utilizing the Thomas-Fermi atom (Birkhoff 1958).…”

Section: Description Of the Monte Carlo Codementioning

confidence: 99%

Monte Carlo calculations of the energy response of lithium dosemeters to high energy electrons (<30 MeV)

O’Brien¹

1977

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Monte Carlo calculations of the energy response of LiF dosemeters have been carried out to help resolve the discrepancy between the measurements of Holt, Edelstein and Clark (1975) and those of Paliwal and Almond (1975) and others. It is concluded that the assumptions used by Holt et al. are largely responsible. They assume, in converting energy deposition in an air-filled ionization chamber to energy deposition in water, that as electrons penetrate a medium they are monoenergetic and the energy is given by Harder's expression (ICRU 1972). The assumption gives poor results as the stopping power for electrons in air is strongly energy dependent, and the energy spectrum has been significantly broadened. The Monte Carlo calculations are also used to criticize the electron cavity theories of Almond and McCray (1970), Burlin, Snelling and Owen (1969) and Holt et al. (1975), and to suggest as an alternative a slightly modified version of the Bragg-Gray theorem.

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Studies of the Longitudinal Development of High-Energy Electron-Photon Cascade Showers in Copper

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

The EGS5 Code System

The EGS5 Code System

History, Overview and Recent Improvement of EGS4

Monte Carlo calculations of the energy response of lithium dosemeters to high energy electrons (<30 MeV)

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