Studies of Temporal Summation of Central Retinal Areas in Normal People of All Ages

Dannheim, F; Drance, Stephen M.

doi:10.1159/000264575

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The present finding is consistent with several one-pulse studies that showed longer critical durations or more integration in the periphery than in the fovea (Dannheim & Drance, 1971;Ronchi & Novakova, 1971;Sperling & Jolliffe, 1965). Moreover, our results are in line with numerous investigationsof retinal loci with respect to temporal resolution, which can be viewed as the upper limitmg case of temporal integration.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Although most of these investigations indicate longer critical durations or more integration for peripheral than for foveal stimulation (Sperling & Jolliffe, 1965;Dannheim & Drance, 1971;Ronchi & Novakova, 1971), one study (Van den Brink & Bouman, 1954) has shown that temporal integration is independent of retinal locus. The latter study differed from the former in two major respects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Two-pulse measures of temporal integration in the fovea and peripheral retina

Gottlieb

Kietzman

Berenhaus

1985

Perception & Psychophysics

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The temporal integration ofluminous energy was compared in the fovea and at 7°eccentricity using a white-appearing stimulus provided by a glow modulator tube transilluminating a 21.8' opal glass target in a free-viewing situation. In Experiment 1, a three-interval temporal forcedchoice adaptive staircase procedure was used to estimate thresholds for brief (3-msec) and long (102-msec) two-pulse stimuli. The data offive observers showed that in the fovea the long stimulus required significantly more luminous energy at threshold than the briefstimulus [t(14) = 5.60, p < .011; however, at 7°, threshold luminous energy was not significantly different for the brief and long stimulus. Thus, Bloch's law held in the periphery but not in the fovea, and the critical duration was longer (> 102 msec) in the periphery than in the fovea « 102 msec), In Experiment 2, the detectability of a brief (3 msec) and a long (102 msec) two-pulse stimulus, both equal in total luminous energy, was compared at the same two retinal locations using a yes-no signal-detection procedure. The data of three observers showed that in the fovea the detectability of the long stimulus was 30% less than that of the brief stimulus, whereas at 7°brief and long stimulus detectability was approximately the same. Thus, both experiments demonstrated a foveal-peripheral difference in two-pulse visual temporal integration, with the fovea evidencing less integration.In visual psychophysics, Bloch's law of temporal integration describes the phenomenon whereby stimuli equal in luminous energy produce the same visual effect regardless of how that energy is distributed in time (Graham, 1965). The longest duration stimulus for which Bloch's law holds is known as the critical duration (Hartline, 1934). In the case of rectangular light pulses, stimulus intensity (I) and duration (T) are interchangeable and reciprocally related such that I x T = K for a constant response such as 50% frequency of seeing. IT reciprocity suggests that luminous energy is completely integrated by the visual system'.Several studies have compared temporal integration in the fovea and peripheral retina. Although most of these investigations indicate longer critical durations or more integration for peripheral than for foveal stimulation (Sperling & Jolliffe, 1965;Dannheim & Drance, 1971;Ronchi & Novakova, 1971), one study (Van den Brink & Bouman, 1954) has shown that temporal integration is independent of retinal locus. The latter study differed from the former in two major respects. First, Van den Brink and Bouman used two-pulse stimuli, whereas the others all used single pulses. Second, Van den Brink and 135Bouman used an equal-energy design, whereas the others used an equal-performance design. In the equal-energy paradigm, the total luminous energy of the stimulus was kept constant and response frequency was measured as a function of the time between two equal luminance pulses. The response frequency for two-pulse stimuli equal in luminous energy but of different durations was the same w...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-pulse measures of temporal integration in the fovea and peripheral retina

Gottlieb

Kietzman

Berenhaus

1985

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Across different spatial summation functions, the only two parameters that varied were the peak spatial frequency and the peak sensitivity of the filter. The suitability of the template was evaluated by fitting 59 data sets from six classic perimetric studies of spatial summation in normal eyes (Dannheim & Drance, 1971;Johnson, Keltner, & Balestrery, 1978;Kasai, Takahashi, Koyama, & Kitahara, 1993;Latham, Whitaker, Wild, & Elliott, 1993;Sloan, 1961;Wilson, 1970), as shown in Figure 4. We used decibel rather than log units in this figure to be consistent with the Figure 2.…”

Section: Empirical Templatementioning

confidence: 99%

A cortical pooling model of spatial summation for perimetric stimuli

Pan

Swanson

2006

Journal of Vision

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Contemporary models of perimetric sensitivity assume probability summation of retinal ganglion cell sensitivities, ignoring cortical processing. To assess the role of cortical processing in perimetric spatial summation, we used a common form of multiple-mechanism spatial vision model in which the stimulus is sampled by receptive fields analogous to those of simple cells in primary visual cortex. Psychophysical threshold was computed by probability summation across the receptive fields. When the receptive fields were nonoriented (like ganglion cells), the spatial summation function had a large nonmonotonic transitional region that was inconsistent with perimetric spatial summation data. When the receptive fields were orientation tuned (like cortical cells), the model was able to give good fits to perimetric spatial summation data. The predictions of the model were evaluated with a masking study, in which noise masks either enlarged the critical area or changed the shape of the spatial summation functions. We conclude that cortical pooling by multiple spatial mechanisms can account for perimetric spatial summation, whereas probability summation across ganglion cells cannot.

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“…Conversely, in reference to the kinetic method, the increase in speed of the test and in information content of the visual field charts is counteracted by lower precision due to response dependence on latency time (1)(2)(3)(4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing continuous and stepwise luminance variation in static campimetry using the Grignolo-Tagliasco-Zingirian projection campimeter

1985

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In traditional static perimetry the remarkable precision achieved, resulting mainly from the lack of temporal factors related to latency, largely makes up for the relatively long time required to perform the test. Conversely, the increase in speed of the test and in the information content of the visual field charts counteract the lower precision attained with kinetic perimetry. If the influence of the latency time on responses could be kept at a low value, then adopting a static strategy, based on a continuous rather than discrete target luminance variation for threshold detection, could be justified. For this purpose a luminance variation time sequence designed to reproduce the conditions of the traditional static perimetric test was chosen. The test was performed on the Grignolo-Tagliasco-Zingirian projection campimeter, after comparing its clinical performance with the Goldmann perimeter. These two methods - one based on continuous variation, the other based on discrete target luminance variation - were compared using a 14-subject sample. We conclude that the presentation strategy based on continuous luminance variation can be regarded as a valid alternative to the traditional method.

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Studies of Temporal Summation of Central Retinal Areas in Normal People of All Ages

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

Two-pulse measures of temporal integration in the fovea and peripheral retina

Two-pulse measures of temporal integration in the fovea and peripheral retina

A cortical pooling model of spatial summation for perimetric stimuli

Comparing continuous and stepwise luminance variation in static campimetry using the Grignolo-Tagliasco-Zingirian projection campimeter

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