Studies of Soiling and Detergency

Abstract

A study was made of the transfer of compounds, similar to those found in human sebum, from cellulose to polyethylene terephthalate films and the deposition of these soils on polymer films from surfactant and aqueous solutions. The polymer films were used as end windows of a Geiger tube. The soils were labeled with radioactive 14 carbon so that the amount of sorbed material could be continuously monitored. The effect of variables such as detergent type, detergent concentration, temperature, sorption time, addition of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and soil concentration on deposition have been investigated. Results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for soil deposition and changes in wash conditions that should reduce deposition on man-made polymers.

The effects of mechanical actions on washing efficiency

“…Several experimental studies were issued in series about oily soil and particulate soil under a wide variety of conditions [1][2][3][4][5][6]. William and coworkers [1,2] suggested the method for washing studies for different soiling conditions (soiling mixture oily soil and pigment) and the storage conditions of the soiled cloth (the length of time after soiling and before washing).…”

“…William and coworkers [1,2] suggested the method for washing studies for different soiling conditions (soiling mixture oily soil and pigment) and the storage conditions of the soiled cloth (the length of time after soiling and before washing). Other researchers [3][4][5][6] presented the washing mechanism for oily soil and particulate soil according to various factors such as soil type, concentration of soil, fabric type, detergent type and temperature.…”

Detergency prediction in front-loading washing machines using discrete element method

“…3,4 Therefore, to understand the washing mechanism, an overall understanding of the factors affecting the mechanical and chemical steps -such as soil, water, and detergent -is essential. Consequently, previous research on laundry systems focused on the physicochemical mechanisms of washing, such as the detergent composition, [5][6][7][8] soil type, [9][10][11] water quality, 12,13 washing time, and temperature. 14,15 More recently, increasing attention has been devoted to the mechanical aspects of washing.…”

The impact of rotational speed and water volume on textile translational motion in a front-loading washer

“…The optimization is often less than ideal, leading to washer designs that cause resource waste and environment pollution 1 . Inadequate understanding of the process can lead to soil deposition and textile deformation [2][3][4] . The rotation of the inner drum during washing is to enhance the mass transfer within the textiles 5 .…”

“…1 Inadequate understanding of the process can lead to soil deposition and textile deformation. [2][3][4] The rotation of the inner drum during washing is to enhance the mass transfer within the textiles. 5 The inner drum rotation can be alternated between clockwise and anti-clockwise directions to increase the interaction of the fluids and textiles, resulting in soil loosening from the textiles.…”