Studies of Movement Aftereffects

Cratty, Bryant J.; Duffy, Kirt E.

doi:10.2466/pms.1969.29.3.843

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Interestingly, the supplementary motor areas are not active during Kohnstamm aftercontraction (Duclos et al, 2007), yet may play a role in efference copy awareness (Fried et al, 1991;Haggard, 2011). A lack of efference copies might therefore underlie the strange sensation of non-agency during aftercontraction, and feelings of limb lightness (Craske & Craske, 1985;Cratty & Duffy, 1969;Gurfinkel et al, 1989;Hagbarth & Nordin, 1998;Kohnstamm, 1915).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary motor commands reveal awareness and control of involuntary movement

et al. 2016

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The capacity to inhibit actions is central to voluntary motor control. However, the control mechanisms and subjective experience involved in voluntarily stopping an involuntary movement remain poorly understood. Here we examined, in humans, the voluntary inhibition of the Kohnstamm phenomenon, in which sustained voluntary contraction of shoulder abductors is followed by involuntary arm raising. Participants were instructed to stop the involuntary movement, hold the arm in a constant position, and 'release' the inhibition after ∼2s. Participants achieved this by modulating agonist muscle activity, rather than by antagonist contraction. Specifically, agonist muscle activity plateaued during this voluntary inhibition, and resumed its previous increase thereafter. There was no discernible antagonist activation. Thus, some central signal appeared to temporarily counter the involuntary motor drive, without directly affecting the Kohnstamm generator itself. We hypothesise a form of "negative motor command" to account for this novel finding. We next tested the specificity of the negative motor command, by inducing bilateral Kohnstamm movements, and instructing voluntary inhibition for one arm only. The results suggested negative motor commands responsible for inhibition are initially broad, affecting both arms, and then become focused. Finally, a psychophysical investigation found that the perceived force of the aftercontraction was significantly overestimated, relative to voluntary contractions with similar EMG levels. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the Kohnstamm generator does not provide an efference copy signal. Our results shed new light on this interesting class of involuntary movement, and provide new information about voluntary inhibition of action.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary motor commands reveal awareness and control of involuntary movement

et al. 2016

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“…Crucially, while the involuntary movement produced by the aftercontraction falls within the same temporal and force range as voluntary movement, it feels subjectively very different. The movement is surprising (Forbes et al, 1926 ; Craske and Craske, 1985 ), with the arm feeling lighter than normal (Kohnstamm, 1915 ; Cratty and Duffy, 1969 ; Craske and Craske, 1985 ; Gurfinkel et al, 1989 ; Hagbarth and Nordin, 1998 ), as if it is floating (Salmon, 1914 ; Craske and Craske, 1985 ), either of its own accord (Craske and Craske, 1985 ) or via some “hidden force” (Kohnstamm, 1915 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensorimotor organization of a sustained involuntary movement

Havas

Ghosh

Gomi

et al. 2015

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Involuntary movements share much of the motor control circuitry used for voluntary movement, yet the two can be easily distinguished. The Kohnstamm phenomenon (where a sustained, hard push produces subsequent involuntary arm raising) is a useful experimental model for exploring differences between voluntary and involuntary movement. Both central and peripheral accounts have been proposed, but little is known regarding how the putative Kohnstamm generator responds to afferent input. We addressed this by obstructing the involuntary upward movement of the arm. Obstruction prevented the rising EMG pattern that characterizes the Kohnstamm. Importantly, once the obstruction was removed, the EMG signal resumed its former increase, suggesting a generator that persists despite peripheral input. When only one arm was obstructed during bilateral involuntary movements, only the EMG signal from the obstructed arm showed the effect. Upon release of the obstacle, the obstructed arm reached the same position and EMG level as the unobstructed arm. Comparison to matched voluntary movements revealed a preserved stretch response when a Kohnstamm movement first contacts an obstacle, and also an overestimation of the perceived contact force. Our findings support a hybrid central and peripheral account of the Kohnstamm phenomenon. The strange subjective experience of this involuntary movement is consistent with the view that movement awareness depends strongly on efference copies, but that the Kohnstamm generator does not produces efference copies.

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“…Of more relevance, it has been found that, while postural persistence (turning the head to the right for 10 min) produces a bias in position sense, this was not found after inducing a neck turning aftercontraction (Howard and Anstis 1974 ). Indeed, positional after-effects have been reported to be unrelated to the Kohnstamm phenomenon in terms of how their duration varies across individuals (Cratty and Duffy 1969 ). Thus, there is some evidence that afferent signals from the involuntarily contracting muscle are processed in the cortex not as purely peripheral sensory events, but as corollaries of voluntary action.…”

Section: Research Themesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Association between negative emotions and lack of AC. Outward anger did not reduce ACCratty and Duffy (1969)Subjective reporting of effect3986%Lateral deltoidStanding in constructed doorframe100% Effort5–20 sNo reportNo reportMean 14 sArm felt lighter than normal1. Duration of Kohnstamm (defined by self-report of subjective feeling of lightness) was not correlated with strength of other aftereffects (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Experimental investigations of control principles of involuntary movement: a comprehensive review of the Kohnstamm phenomenon

2017

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The Kohnstamm phenomenon refers to the observation that if one pushes the arm hard outwards against a fixed surface for about 30 s, and then moves away from the surface and relaxes, an involuntary movement of the arm occurs, accompanied by a feeling of lightness. Central, peripheral and hybrid theories of the Kohnstamm phenomenon have been advanced. Afferent signals may be irrelevant if purely central theories hold. Alternatively, according to peripheral accounts, altered afferent signalling actually drives the involuntary movement. Hybrid theories suggest afferent signals control a centrally-programmed aftercontraction via negative position feedback control or positive force feedback control. The Kohnstamm phenomenon has provided an important scientific method for comparing voluntary with involuntary movement, both with respect to subjective experience, and for investigating whether involuntary movements can be brought under voluntary control. A full review of the literature reveals that a hybrid model best explains the Kohnstamm phenomenon. On this model, a central adaptation interacts with afferent signals at multiple levels of the motor hierarchy. The model assumes that a Kohnstamm generator sends output via the same pathways as voluntary movement, yet the resulting movement feels involuntary due to a lack of an efference copy to cancel against sensory inflow. This organisation suggests the Kohnstamm phenomenon could represent an amplification of neuromotor processes normally involved in automatic postural maintenance. Future work should determine which afferent signals contribute to the Kohnstamm phenomenon, the location of the Kohnstamm generator, and the principle of feedback control operating during the aftercontraction.

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Studies of Movement Aftereffects

Abstract: 213 Ss participated in 4 experiments designed to identify relationships between figural aftereffects elicited by hand, limb, and total body movements. The measures obtained were reliable and highly task specific.

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

Voluntary motor commands reveal awareness and control of involuntary movement

Voluntary motor commands reveal awareness and control of involuntary movement

Sensorimotor organization of a sustained involuntary movement

Experimental investigations of control principles of involuntary movement: a comprehensive review of the Kohnstamm phenomenon

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