Studies of Low-Lying Levels of Even-Even Nuclei with (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:math>) and (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:math>) Reactions

Cohen, Bernard L.; Price, Robert E.

doi:10.1103/physrev.118.1582

Cited by 102 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The observation of additional levels in the vicinity of the two-phonon triplet was problematic [4], however. The conclusion that these extra levels were part of a deformed coexisting structure was firmly established by Meyer and Peker [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed spectroscopy of110Cd: Evidence for weak mixing and the emergence ofγ-soft behavior

Garrett¹,

Bangay²,

Varela³

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. C

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A study of the β + /EC decay of 110 In into levels of 110 Cd is combined with a reanalysis of data from a previous study of 110 Cd with the (n, n ′ γ) reaction with monoenergetic neutrons. The γγ coincidences from the 110 In decay leads to many new assignments of γ rays observed in the (n, n ′ γ) reaction, permitting the observation of weak low-energy transitions, and setting stringent upper limits on unobserved decay branches. The uncertainties on many of the lifetimes from the (n, n ′ γ) reaction are significantly reduced, and limits are established for the lifetimes of levels too long for a direct measurement. The absence of enhanced transitions between the previously assigned phonon states and the deformed intruder states strongly suggests that mixing between the configurations is generally weak, refuting the strong-mixing scenario as an explanation of the decay pattern of the excited 0 + states in 110 Cd. The decay pattern of the non-intruder states is suggestive of a γ-soft rotor, or O(6) nucleus, rather than a vibrational, or U (5) pattern. The existence of a 4p − 6h proton excitation in 110 Cd is also suggested.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed spectroscopy of110Cd: Evidence for weak mixing and the emergence ofγ-soft behavior

Garrett¹,

Bangay²,

Varela³

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. C

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“…Cohen observes a proton group in the Cd 113 (d,^)Cd 114 reaction which corresponds to a level at 1.86 Mev. 17 From relative cross-section measurements at 8° and 14° he concludes that / n =0 for the captured neutron which forms this level. This indicates a spin of 0 + or 1 + for this state.…”

Section: H 1839-87-kev Levelmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Some corroborating evidence for existence of these upper levels has recently been published by Cohen and Price. 17 Although their Cd m (d,p)Cd lu work could not resolve the levels above 2 Mev, prominent proton peaks were observed corresponding to energy levels in Cd 114 at 2.53, 2.90, 3.23, and 3.45 Mev. If one allows errors of 40 kev for these energy determinations because of the complicated nature of the proton spectrum, then they agree quite well with the values of 2573.5, 2868.0, 3216.8 and 3484.7 kev obtained from the bent-crystal data.…”

Section: 9mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Capture-Gamma-Ray Spectrum ofCd113(n, γ)Cd114a

Smither

1961

Phys. Rev.

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The capture gamma-ray spectrum of Cd 113 (w,Y)Cd 114 was investigated with the Argonne 7.7-m bent-crystal spectrometer. The observed spectrum consisted of 119 gamma rays with energies below 2 Mev. These precision energy measurements were combined with a series of coincidence experiments to modify and extend the level scheme of Cd 114 . The errors in the energy values of five previously observed levels are reduced by a factor of 10. Their new values are found to be 557.3484.7=1=0.8 kev. The limits placed on the spins and parities of these levels by the observed capture gamma rays are discussed.

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“…Soon thereafter, in 1956 [4], spectroscopy following the (n, γ) capture reaction identified an additional 2 + level in the vicinity of the two-phonon triplet in 114 Cd. This was seen as a problem for the vibrational model by Cohen and Price [5], who, in 1960, using the (d, p) reaction, not only confirmed the additional 2 + level in 114 Cd, but also found an extra 0 + state. Further, they identified two 0 + and two 2 + states in 112 Cd at twice the energy of the 2 + 1 state.…”

Section: The Early Years: CD As Spherical Vibratorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolving structure of the Cd isotopes

Garrett

2014

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. The even-even Cd isotopes have long been cited as one of the prime examples of vibrational behaviour, identified soon after the Bohr model was developed in the early 1950's. By the late 1970's, the presence of intruder states and shape coexistence were identified, but the underlying vibrational nature remained intact. More recently, the robustness of the multiphonon states was questioned, prompting detailed spectroscopic investigations at a number of facilities, including the use of the (n, n ′ γ) reaction and β-decay studies with modern γ-ray spectrometers. Combining results from these studies, a re-examination of the structure of the mid-shell Cd isotopes suggests that they may represent deformed γ-soft rotors rather than spherical vibrators. The early years: Cd as spherical vibratorsThe collective model of Bohr and Mottelson [1,2], developed in the early 1950's, is one of the foundational models of nuclear structure. Its three main paradigms, deformed-rotational, spherical vibrational, and γ-soft, remain to this day benchmarks against which structure of nuclei are compared. Soon after the development of the vibrational limit of the Bohr Hamiltonian, in 1955 Scharff-Goldhaber and Weneser [3] used the ratio of the energy of the second excited state to the first excited state, E 2 /E 1 , to identify candidates for spherical vibrators. In this early work, the Cd nuclei 110 Cd and 114 Cd were cited as candidates, having E 2 /E 1 ≈ 2. Soon thereafter, in 1956 [4], spectroscopy following the (n, γ) capture reaction identified an additional 2 + level in the vicinity of the two-phonon triplet in 114 Cd. This was seen as a problem for the vibrational model by Cohen and Price [5], who, in 1960, using the (d, p) reaction, not only confirmed the additional 2 + level in 114 Cd, but also found an extra 0 + state. Further, they identified two 0 + and two 2 + states in 112 Cd at twice the energy of the 2 + 1 state. The validity of the phonon model was supported, however, by a series of Coulomb excitation experiments by McGowan and co-workers [6], results of which are shown in Fig. 1, that determined in 112,114,116 Cd the ratio B(E2; 4 + 1 → 2 + 1 )/B(E2; 2 + 1 → 0 + 1 ) was approximately equal to 2 (within the experimental uncertainty). Only in 110 Cd did the ratio of 1.42 ± 0.19 deviate significantly from 2.0. Furthermore, in 114,116 Cd, the ratio B(E2; 0 ′+ → 2 + 1 )/B(E2; 2 + 1 → 0 + 1 ) was measured to be near unity, again providing support to the phonon model.

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Studies of Low-Lying Levels of Even-Even Nuclei with (d, p) and (d, t) Reactions

Cited by 102 publications

References 10 publications

Detailed spectroscopy of110Cd: Evidence for weak mixing and the emergence ofγ-soft behavior

Detailed spectroscopy of110Cd: Evidence for weak mixing and the emergence ofγ-soft behavior

Capture-Gamma-Ray Spectrum ofCd113(n, γ)Cd114a

The evolving structure of the Cd isotopes

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